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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Histo.ical  MIcroreproductlons  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 

1980 


Technical  Notes  /  Notes  techniques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Physical 
features  of  this  copy  which  may  alter  any  of  the 
images  in  the  reproduction  are  checked  below. 


L'Institut  e  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Certains 
d^fauts  susceptibles  de  nuire  d  la  quality  de  la 
reproduction  sont  not6s  ci-dessous. 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couvertures  de  couleur 


D 


Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 


D 


Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  g^ographiques  en  couleur 


D 


Coloured  plates/ 
Planches  en  couleur 


□       Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  ddcolordes,  tachetdes  ou  piqudes 


D 


Show  through/ 
Transparence 


D 


Tight  binding  (may  cause  shadows  or 
distortion  along  interior  margin)/ 
Reiiure  serri  (peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou 
de  la  distortion  le  long  de  la  marge 
intdrieure) 


D 


Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 


D 


Additional  comments/ 
Commentaires  suppldmentaires 


Bibliographic  Notes  /  Notes  bibliographiques 


D 
D 


Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 


n 


Pagination  incorrect/ 
Erreurs  de  pagination 


Pages  missing/ 
Des  pages  manquent 


D 
D 


Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


Pitotes  missing/ 

Oes  pla.  ches  manquent 


n 


Maps  missing/ 

Des  cartes  g^ographiques  manquent 


n 


Additional  comments/ 
Commentaires  suppl^mentaires 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  kaepinj  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche  shall 
contain  the  symbol  -^^  (meaning  CONTINUED"), 
or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"),  whichever 
applies. 

The  original  copy  was  borrowed  from,  and 
filmed  with,  the  kind  consent  of  the  following 
institution: 

National  Library  of  Canada 

Maps  or  plates  too  large  to  be  entirely  included 
in  one  exposure  are  filmed  beginning  in  the 
upper  Iftft  hand  corner,  left  to  right  and  top  to 
bottom,  as  many  frames  as  required.  The 
following  diagrams  illustrate  the  method: 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  I'exemplaire  filmd,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Un  des  symboies  suivants  apparaltra  sur  la  der- 
nidre  image  de  chaque  microfiche,  selon  le  cas: 
le  symbole  — t^  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le  symbole 
V  signifie  "FIN". 

L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grdce  d  la 
g6n6rosit6  de  I'dtablissement  prdteur 
suivant  : 

Bibliothdque  nationale  du  Canada 

Les  cartes  ou  les  planches  trop  grandes  pour  dtre 
reproduites  en  un  seul  clich6  sont  filmdes  d 
partir  de  Tangle  sup6rieure  gauche,  de  gauche  d 
droite  et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Le  diagramme  suivant 
illustre  la  m^thode  : 


1 

2 

3 

1 


ARTIFICIAL   KEY 

TO  niSTIMiL'ISII  TUB 


LAND  BIRDS  AND  WATER  BIRDS. 


All  Itinls  li.'iviiii;  toes  more  or  less  webbed  and  no  feathers 
on  the  tarsus  (all  inter};r:iilati«>ns  Im»1\v«h'ii  llanos  A  and  H). 
exi'i'pt  tilt'  Viiltun's.*  antl  also  all  birds  liavinj;  the  bill  more 
than  three  Inches  long,  wln'tln-r  the  toes  are  wclihcd  or  not,  arc  <«!!«a>:ii22<f^ 
Water  Birds.  Then'  arc  al-<>  a  few  Water  IJirds  which  do  not, 
a<!;rc»'  with  the  above  description,  wliicli  may  be  described  as 
follows: —  15 


(iailiiiiilcs. 


RiiilK. 


I.tasl  Hitterns  ami  Sinall  IIitoii.-. 


SiioKK  IJiuits.  — The  majority  «»f  the  Shore  Ilirds  cither  have  ihe  toes  with  small  wel»,  or 
the  !)ill  over  thrc<'  inches  ion;;;.  Those  which  do  not  may  l)e  rccoy;iii/.ed  l>y  t!ie  followliiir 
characters:  hind  toe,  wlien  present,  elevated  above  level  of  front  toes:  bill,  rather  soft ;  iios- 
trd,  a  sht;  lower  portion  of  tiltia  (upiHT  part  of  lej;).  not  feathered:  first  primary,  about 
equal  to  second. 

Gallixules.  — Hail-like  l>lrds,  inhabiting  marshy  places;  foreheatl,  coviMed  by  a  horny 
plate  or  shield. 

Rails.  —  Winj;,  rather  short  and  ronnded:  toes.  Ions;;  liiiid  to*',  on  level  with  front  toes 
(true  Kails);   first  primary,  much  shorter  than  second. 

Least  Bitteisns  and  Small  Herons. —  Toes,  four;  lores,  bare;  inner  aide  of  middle 
toe  nail,  with  coml»-hke  «'dge. 

All  other  birds  are  called  Land  Birds. 


♦  Sevoral  Land  Birds  ha  «•  tot-s  jiartlv  \vi'I>Ih'<>,  such  as  tlie  (ioatsucl^tMs,  CaprimnUihUv,  the  ViilturetJ, 

OiUharlDhi;  ami  a  few  others;  ......  all  liave  the  Ursii<  iii')r»'  or  Icbb  teatlicred,  except  the  Vultures,  the  only  Lund 

Birds  which  have  webbed  toes,  uiid  no  feathers  on  the  UrbUii. 


THE  BIRDS 


OK 


Eastern  North  America 

KNOWN  To  OCCUR  EAST  OF  THE  NINETIETH  MERIDIAN 

WATER  BIRDS 


PART     I 

KEY   TO   THE   FAMILIES   AND   SPECIES 


BY 

CHARLES    B.  CORY 

Curator  of  the  Department  of  Ornit'ioloi^y  i'l  the  Field  Coluni/'iiin  A/useuni,  Chicai;o  :    l'iee-/^resi<fent  of 

the  .tnieriidit  Ornilhologis/s'  (  'iiioii  ;  /■'ei/o:i>  oj  the  /.iniiHitn  and  Zooto^ieal  Societies  of  London  : 

Afeinher  of  the  />iitish   ihnitholoip  ts^    Cnion  :     Honorary  Meniher  of  the   California 

Aeadeiiiy  of  Si  iences  :   Cor.  Metnher  Xexo  York  Aeademv  of  Sciences,  etc  ,  etc. 

AVTIIOK   «il'     '•  TllK     liKAUrilUI.   AND   ClUKIolS    1J|K1>S   « iK    lllli    WoKI.D,"    "   TlIK    lilKDS   <>l      Mil.   BAHAMA 

IsiwVNKs,"  "TlIK  IJiuns  iM-  IlAiri  AMI  San  l)i)MiN(io,"'«TiiK  Uikds  ok  mm-.  W'Ksr  Indies," 
"A     Nati'uai.isi     in     iiik     M\i;i>ai.i:n     Islands,"    "IIcntim;     and     Kisuini; 

IN    Kl.OUII>A,"    '•  Kl.Y   TO     IMK    WaIKK     KiKDS    or    Kl.oKIDA,"    "  1  low   TO 

KNOW   riir.  Siiouic  Uikds  ok  Norih  Amkkka,"  "IIow  to 
KN»)W  Tnii  Ducks,  (iuESK,  and  Swans,"  ktc,  I'Ttc. 


Sl'KOIAI-   KDITIOX    I'KIXTKU    H>1J   TIIK 

FIKLI)    COLrMIUAX    Ml'SKl'M,    cniCACJO,    ILL. 


O^A.i.^/  165107 


Col'VKItillTKK, 

OIIA  l{  LK.S    n.    (  <)RT, 
BOSTON, 


.\LKKK1»  MI'IMIK  A   HUN,   I'KINTKKM, 
•24  KUAN  KLIN   STKKKT. 


1 

i 


PREFACE 


Ohnitiiologv  is  the  science  of  birds  ((Jr.,  opri6'os,  oniillios^  of  a  bird  ;  Aflyos,  Infjns^ 
:i  iliscoursc),  suul  to  become  an  expert  ornitiiolo^ist  lecjuires  years  of  hard  woriv,  coni- 
bined  with  a  love  for  the  study  itself;  but  tiiero  are  many  students  of  nature  who 
would  like  to  know  the  birds  about  them,  but  do  not  have  tlie  time  nor  desire  to  fi;o 
deei)ly  into  the  subject.  To  meet  such  a  want,  the  present  "keys"  have  been  pre- 
pared, in  which  the  sj)€cies  are  grouped  according  to  size,  and  it  is  believed  they  will 
enable  the  novice  to  accurately  identify  any  of  our  birds. 

Careful  comparison  of  large  series  of  l)irds  has  siiown  that  while  adult  birds  of 
the  same  species  differ  consideraldy  in  len<rth.  the  wing  measure  is  very  constant,  the 
variation  in  a  large  number  of  specimens  being  so  small  that,  allowing  for  possible 
extremes,  we  may  safely  •'  range  our  birds  in  groups  according  to  length  of  wing. 
A  Song  Sparrow  m.ay  vary  slightly  in  size,  but  the  largest  Song  Sparrow  is  never  as 
large  as  the  smallest  adult  Hobin,  and  rin'  rcrsn.  IJy  grouping  the  various  birds  from 
the  Ilunnning  liinl  to  the  Eagle  and  Alliatross,  according  to  the  length  of  wing  (allow- 
ing, of  course,  for  uiuisual  extremes),  the  identillcation  of  any  species  then  becomes  a 
comparatively  simple  matter,  as  usually  the  birds  containt'd  in  each  group  are  so  few 
ill  mnnl)er  that  characteristic  dilTerences  in  each  species  arc  easily  indicated. 

Let  us,  for  exampU'.  assume  we  have  a  bird  before  us  which  we  wish  to  identify; 
we  lirst  should  liml  out  to  which  family  it  belongs.  Turning  to  the  Key  to  Familie> 
page  10,  we  fnul  this  an  easy  matter  (as  the  families  are  few  and  the  illustrated  dilTer- 
ences in  the  bills  and  feet  very  characteristic),  we  discover  our  bird  to  be  a  <luck. 
Having  asci'rtained  the  family  to  which  our  bird  belongs,  we  turn  to  the  Key  to 
Species.  We  have,  of  course,  measiu'cd  the  wing  and  found  it  to  be  i).[)0  inches  long, 
measured  from  the  carpus  (bend  of  wing)  to  tip.  (See  illustration,  •'  How  to  Measure 
a  Bird,"  on  page  S.) 

We  now  turn  to  the  Ducks,  and  discover  they  are  divided  into  subfamilies,  the 
Hay  and  Sea  Ducks  having  a  tlap  or  lobe  on  the  hind  toe,  and  the  fresh-water  ducks, 
or  River  and  Fond  Ducks,  have  no  large  llap  on  the  hind  toe.  Our  bird  has  a  tlap  on 
its  hind  toe,  and  is  evidently  a  salt-water  duck,  belonging  to  the  subfamily  FHligidime. 
This  subfamily,  we  find,  contains   two  sections.     Section   1   having  the  tail  feathers 

Ciii) 


IV  HIUDS    OF    EASTERN    XOKTII    AMERICA. 

not  stiff  and  pointed,  aud  Section  2,  tail  featlierH  stiff  and  ixMnted.  Our  duck  has 
stiff,  pointed  tail  featiiers,  and  tiierefore  belongs  in  Section  2.  Section  2  contains  two 
species ;  one  having  whole  front  of  head  and  cheeks  W'wA-,  the  other,  with  sides  of 
head  more  or  less  white.  As  our  duck  has  a  patch  of  white  on  the  side  of  the  head, 
it  must,  therefore,  be  the  Huddy  Duck,  Erisiiuitnm  jamaicenMjt. 

All  measurements  of  birds  are  given  in  inches  and  fractions  of  an  inch.  The 
diagrams  on  page  «  will  illustrate  how  a  bird  should  Ije  measured,  and  the  chart  (pages 
viii  and  ix)  will  be  useful  to  the  young  student  of  ornithology  who  nm^'  not  be  familiar 
with  the  technical  terms  used  in  describing  birds.  Such  terms  as  primaries  and  axillars 
should  be  learned  at  once.  It  is  customary  to  indicate  the  sexes  by  the  signs  of 
Mars  and  Veims ;  the  male,  of  course,  Wing  given  that  of  Mars,  $,  and  the  female, 
V^enuH,  9. 

In  preparing  the  Key,  a  very  large  nundNrr  of  birds  were  examined  and  measured. 
In  addition  to  the  large  collection  of  North  American  birds  contained  in  the  Field 
Cohnnbian  Museum,  by  courtesy  of  my  friends.  Dr.  .1,  A.  Allen  and  Prof.  Robert 
Kidgway,  the  collections  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  and  the  American  Museum 
of  Natural  History  were  always  open  to  me,  as  well  a.s  the  splendid  private  collection 
of  Mr.  William  Brewster,  at  Cambridge,  Mass. 

A  few  species  which  occur  in  Greenlaml,  but  which  have  not  l>een  observed  else- 
where in  North  America,  and  rare  exotic  stragglers  Iiavt*  Iteen  excluded  from  the  Key, 
but  are  given  in  their  proper  place  in  the  bo«ly  of  the  work. 

The  larger  portion  of  the  illustrations  are  original  and  arc  tiie  work  of  Mr.  Kihvard 
Knobel,  of  Boston.  Numerous  cuts  are  also  include«l  by  arrangement  with  Messrs. 
Little,  lirown  &  Co.,  of  Boston,  which  are  taken  from  IJaird,  Brewer  &  Kidgway's 
NoKTii  Amkuican  BiitDS.  A  few  others  were  obtaine<l  from  Messrs.  Estes  tJc  J^auriat, 
used  in  Dr.  Elliott  Coues'  Key  to  Noktii  Amkrican  Hikus. 

C.  B.  CORY. 


CONTENTS. 


TlTLEI'A<iK 

Pkeface       

Contents     ......... 

CIlossauy     ......... 

TorojiiJAi'iiv  OK  A   Uii{i>        ...... 

Intuoih  rjiox       ........ 

IIow  TO  Mkaslue  A   Hii:i»  ...... 

Index  to   Key  t<>  Famii.ie*.     Watei:  Hiim»s 

Gkoit    1.     Toos,  four,  with  lol»alo  wel»H,  or  w('l)s  on  si(h's  of 

Gkoup  2.     Toes,  four;    front  toc.s  pnlniatc  (full  wi'hiu'd )  ; 

nooted  witli  front  ones  l»y  welt 
Gworr  .'5.     TtM'S,   four,   full  w»'l»l»o<l ;    liin<l  tof  ('onm>cto<l  w 

WC'l>  ....... 

fiKoii"    1.      Toes,  four,  ;iot  full  wehlM'd;    suiall  wt-lts   Itotws'ci 

toes  entirely  without  web 
Section  1.      Hind  toe,  rai.sed  above  level  of  front 
Section  2.     Hind  tw,  on  level  with  front  toes 
finoLi"  .'».     Toes,  three,  full  webbed;   no  hind  toe 
Groli*  (*».     Toes,  three;  a  small  web  between  toes,  or  entire! 
Key  to  the  Si'ecies  ok  Water  Hiim»s  ok  Eastekn   Noktii 
Family  Pooicm'Id.e.     (iuEUEs       ..... 

Family  Gaviid^e.     Loons   ...... 

Family  Alcid.e.     Aiks,  Pi  kfins,  and  Mj  khes 

FaMILV    StEKCOHAUIID.E.       SkIAS    and    .I.E<iEKK 

Family  Lakid.e.     Gills  and  Teijns   .... 

SlBKAMILY    LaKIN.E.       GuLLS  ..... 

Si UFAMII.Y    StEUNIN.E.       TeRN8        ..... 

Family  Rmynciioi'ID.e.     Skimmer.^        .... 
Family  Diomedeid^:.     Albatkus.-'E!'     .... 

(V) 


PACE 

•                   • 

i 

a                             •                            ■ 

•  >• 

111 

• 

V 

•                             • 

vii 

•                             • 

•  •• 

VIII 

. 

1 

•                             • 

8 

•                            ■ 

in 

toes  . 

11 

lind   too  not  e«Mi 

•                     • 

12 

til  front  ones  ]>} 

•                    • 

1.'. 

toes  at    lian.'.  o 

. 

17 

Ot'S       . 

17 

. 

1«» 

. 

21 

V  without  w»-li 

23 

Amkim<  A     . 

2.') 

. 

2o 

. 

27 

.                       . 

29 

, 

33 

.                       . 

35 

.                       . 

33 

.                   • 

41 

•                   • 

45 

•                • 

46 

▼1  nnjDS    OF    KASTEH>     NORTH    AMRKICA 

Family  Pkocki.lakiid.k.     Siikawwatkiss,   I'ktkkis,  axi»  Fri 

FaMII.V    I'llAKTMONTin.K.       TiMM'ir    Illl{l»>i 

Family  Si  i.id.k.     (iannkts  .... 

Family  Amiixcjiim:.     Daktkks.   Sn.\kk  Uiicu" 
Family  PiiALAcKorouAciD.i:.     CouMnKAXTs  . 
Family  I'ki,k(  amm.k.     I'i.i.kans 
Family  Fi{K(iATii».i..     Max-ok-wak  Ilii:i»s     . 
Family  Anatid.i..     Dickh,  Gek.-^k,   am>  Swans   . 

Si  BKAMII.Y    MkKCIN.I:.       MkUCJANSEKH,    SllKI.I>liAKF> 

Slufamily  Anatin.i;.      Fkksii-watkh  1)i  <  ks,      Kivei:  axi»  1 

SlBKAMILY    Fl  LKirLIN.K.       SaI.T-WATKK    Ditks.       BaY    AM»    Sk 

SriiKAMiLY  Anskkin.k.     (Jeesk     .... 

SrUFAMILY    CycXIN.E.        SwaNS         .... 

Family  Pikkmcoitekiim:.      Flamin<;uks 

Family   Pi.atalkii>.k.     Si'(»o\i;m.i.s 

Family  Iisidid.k.     Iisises      ..... 

Family  CicoMin.v..     Sioijks  am>  Wtmu*  Ii;i«es    . 

Family  Aui»eii».e.     Hi-i.-ons,   FtiUEis,  am»  P>ittei£\» 

Family  Oiuid-e.     Ckanes  ..... 

Family  Auamid.e.     Coiklans,  Limi-kixs 

Family  Rallii>.e.     Rails,  Galliniles,   avm  C«m>t> 

StiiKAMiLY  Rallin.i-:.     Rails 

SlBKAMILY    (rALLINLLIN.K.       (IaLLINILES 

slhkamily  fulicin.k.     c(m»ts 

Ohpeh  Limicol^e.     Shore  Birds 

Family  Piialauoi'Odioe.     Piialaroi'es 

Family  Recirvirostrid.e.     Avocets  and  Stilts 

Family  Scoloi'acid.k.     Snipes,  Sandi'iteks,  Curlews,  etc 

Family  Charadriiilk.     Plovers  .... 

Family  AriiRizin.E.     Ti  rnstones         .... 

Family  II.ematoi'ouiu.e.     Oyster-Catciieks 


MARS 


)XI» 

I) 


)L(K 
(KS 


l>A<iR 

ti; 

;'»;{ 

:.t 

5M 

fil 

03 
71 

HI 
HI 

H.'t 
Hi\ 

Hi 
HH 

)s:» 

t>7 
•»7 

101 
100 
102 
104 
10() 
107 
124 
129 
130 


GLOSSARY. 


Nearly  all  the  terms  used  in  (l(>s(*ri>»in<;  a  IhpI  maj  tte  more  ea«ily  and  clearly 
aiKlerstood  liy  exaiiiinin*;  tlic  illustrations  of  ••  bini  Ut\tttzr»\Jkty."  <hi  fui^eM  viii  and  ix, 
than  from  a  written  description  ;   a  few.  however,  may  f**|uire  a  wrird  of  explanation. 

Cere.  —  A  hard  skin-like  ooverinj;  on  the  l»ase  of  the  a|i|«er  •nawlible  ( I'amitrt, 
llawkri,  etc.). 

Mandibles.  —  Some  aiitiiors  use  the  word  masifla  Utr  the  ofifier  lialf  of  the  !»ill.  and 

mantlible  for  the  lower.      I  pnsfer,  how»'ver.  to  ^UrM-tihe  the  two  halves  of  the  hill 

as  u|)|>er  and  lower  njandilde. 
Cuimen.  — The  ridire  of  the  upper  mandible. 
Oonys-  —  I><»wer  outline  (middle)  of  under  m»n«lible. 
Unguis.  —  'I'iie  nail   on  the  end  of  the  npfXT  inaiflililt':   v*Ty  |trr»iKMiw^e<|   in  s«*veral 

famili(>s  of  water  birds  (Ducks.  Pelicans,  and  |Vln-|j»». 
Axillars  or  Axillary  Plumes. — Several  eloniraieff   f^^ibers  at  tlie  juiM-tion  of  the 

winj:  and  ImmIv.      (Lat.  aj-illa,  the  arm-pit.) 
Carpus  or  Carpal  Joint. —  Hend  of    the  winir.     The  thirrl   Moment    of   the    win? 

eonvtiiKjnding  to  the  wrist  (see  illustration). 
Speculum.  —  A   winjr  band  or  patch  (nsuallvof  a  diifcreiit  *iol'»r  from   t lie  rest  of 

the  winjr).  formed  by  tlu;  terminal  portion  of  the  s«c<Mwlane$ :  very  wjticeable  in 

the  Ducks. 

Tarsus.  —  Extends  from  the  root  of  the  tm^s  to  the  eii»l  of  the  til>ia  (wliat  aj/pefirs  to 
be  the  l^end  of  the  leg  or  knee  ;  but  which  is,  in  reality,  the  hefl  joint).  See  illus- 
tration. 

Toes  Syndactyle Outer  and   middle    toes  more  or  le»   joined  tojiether   (King- 

fi.'^her,  etc. ) . 

Toes  Zyg^odactyle.  — Arranged  in  pairs,  two  in  front,  two  behind  (Cuekorj*.  etc.). 

Tarsus  Reticulate.  —  Covered  with  numerous  small,  aoeveo  st-alf*  (Movers,  etc.). 

Tarsus  Scutellate.  —  Comparatively  large,  somewhat  s<juaiv-<iit  scales,  one  above 

the  other,  covering  the  front  of  the  tarsus. 
Booted  Tarsus.  —  Scales  fused  together  on  greater  portion  of  tarsus  so  as  to  lie 

indistinct  or  invisible  except  on  lower  part  ( Robio^.  etc.). 
Superciliary  Stripe.  —  Stripe  over  the  eye. 

evil) 


VIII 


BIKI>8    OF    KA8TERN    NOUTII    AMERICA. 


U 

O 


>- 
I 
Q. 
< 
(£ 
O 
O 
Q. 

o 

I- 


J 


ToriMjKAriiv  OK  \   ri-()VKR. 


IX 


Under  Primary ,f^or>*TU 


PrimttHtt 


---     :^-  Anllar$  itr  AxiUury  Ptumt* 


-  -■'^CndeT  Tail  Cov«rtt  or  fi 


Culmfn 


/   \         Superciliiiry  Srnj^- 
(fpper  3fandihU' ^Lorm     /'r<t»c.i 


ForeAewi 
'•■jXotlri/  ', 

Lower  Mamlibte,- 

Gape  .--'■ 
^>  Chin 
Hu/t-maiiUtiry 

Lin* 


Occiptm 
-Aiirieulnrt  ,)t  Xii^r  Coetrtt 
Xapt 
'.Va/iir  Ret/ion  or  Cheek 
Side  nf  ytdt  Back 


Speruium 

tFtng  of  Duck  showing  speculum. 


Vnguxt 


Carjxtl  Jotnt  - 
Le4$er   Winy  Coceru  '  \     "% 
Middle  Wing  CoverU 
OreaUr  CoverU 


•.Under  Tail  C'ocerto 
or  Criuum. 


Bill  of  Fulmar  Petrel,    Outer^Toe    \ 

Middle  Toe-    (^ 


Inner  Toe 


Black -breast  Plover. 

-Bind  Tot 


TOPOGRAPHY  OF  A   PLOVER 


INTRODUCTION. 


A   BIRD 

Is  !i  t'oatbered  vertebrate  animal;  or,  to  describe  it  more  fully,  it  is  nn  air-breathiiiil. 
warm-blooded,  featlu'recl,  oviparou.s  (egg-layini!;)»  vertebrati'  animal,  liavin»j  a  fonr- 
cliambered  heart,  and  a  complete  double  circulation.  Hirds  occupy  a  place  in  nature 
intermediate  between  the  mammals  and  the  reptiles,  and  many  naturalists  consMer  a 
bird  to  be  merely  a  modified  reptile.  r»e  that  as  it  may;  we  are  morally  certain  that 
thousands  of  years  a<i()  there  existed  on  the  earth  huge,  lizard-like  birds,  of  many  of 
which  we  know  notIiin<>;.  The  oldest  known  form  of  which  we  have  any  nctual 
knowledge  is  the  celebrated  Arch(i'()pter>i.i\  a  fossil  found  by  Andreas  Wagner,  in  the 
Oolitic  slate  of  Solenhofer,  Havana,  in  l.S(!l.  This  reptile  bird  had  a  lizard-like 
tidl  l)ordered  with  feathers,  and  jaws  armed  with  teeth. 

Of  late  years,  numy  important  osteological  discoveries  have  been  made,  and  from 


Dodo. 


Ostrich. 


Moa. 


the  reconstructed  skeletons  we  are  aljle  to  form  some  idea  of  the  size  and  shape  of  a 
few  of  the  nuxny  huge  and  strange  birds  which  lived  and  died  in  the  forgotten  past. 
The  ILo'jHtgoniis,  an  immense  raptorial  bird,  or  some  similar  monster,  may  have  orig- 
inated the  stories  of  the  Koc  of  nursery  lore.  Still  later,  we  have  the  l)<xlo  of  Mauri- 
tius,  and  the  Moa  of  New  Zealand,   the   latter  a  giant  bird,  nnich  larger  than  the 


2  I5IIJI»S    OF    KASTEHX    NOKTH     '.MEKICA. 

largest  Ostrich,  wliicli,  it  is  cluinH'tl,  was  still  in  existt'iifc  at  tiif  l>t'i;iiiiiiii<r  of  the 
present  centiiry,  and  a  few  of  the  oKler  natives  claim  to  have  heanl  tiieir  fathers  talk 
(»f  seeinji;  it  alive.  We  know  of  sevi-ral  s|K*cies  which  have  become  extinct  »liirin<i;  the 
past  tifty  years,  notably  the  (Ireat  Auk  ami  the  Laljr;)clor  Duck,  Caiiiptolfi'mns  labni- 
floriiiti. 

In  the  West  Indies  we  have  numerous  instances  of  the  recent  disai»i)earance  of 
insular  forms,  'i'he  .hunaica  IVtr«'l,  Aestrt'hiUi  rmi/Mia,  is  now  supposed  to  have  been 
exterminated  l)y  tiic  .Mon<;oose  { IIer/if^.slt^.t)^  which  animal  was  introduced  into  the 
island  some  years  a<ro  for  the  purpose  of  killin<r  the  rats.  Wallace,  in  his  *'  Distri- 
Itution  of  Animals,"  stati's  that  no  K-ss  than  six  species  of  I'arrots  weri'  sai<l  to  have 
lieen  formerly  found  in  (Wiadaloupe  and  Martinitjue,  but  at  the  present  time  no  I'arrots 
are  known  to  exist  on  either  of  those  islands. 

Ledru,  in  his  ••  Voya<;e  aux  lies  TenerilT«',"  published  in  Paris,  in  1<S10,  men- 
tions several  birds  which  are  now  unknown,  among  them  a  green  pigeon  from  St. 
Thomas. 

While  many  species  have  become  extinct,  others  iiave  extended  their  range,  and, 
accoimnodatiiig  themst'lves  to  changed  conditions  and  environment,  have  in  the  course 
of  time  developed  new  forms.  Birds  showing  deci<led  and  constant  ditYerences  are 
recognized  as  .syw'cV.s,  whereas  if  the  ditTcrences  in  color  or  size  are  not  very  great  and 
intermediate  fonus  occiu*  showing  an  intergradation  from  one  to  the  otiu'r,  they  are 
called  r<ici',s  or  siihs/n'cies.  Races  are  really  species  in  process  of  development  and 
are  caused  by  dilTerence  in  climate,  foo«l.  etc.  Insular  forms  whicii  are  sulliciently 
removed  from  the  parent  st»x*k  to  warrant  the  belief  that  their  isolation  is  comph'ti', 
are  generally  recognize<l  as  species  even  though  the  ditTerences  would  hardly  be  worthy 
of  specific  recognition  if  the  two  forms  «x'curred  in  close  i)roximity  on  the  main  land. 
It  should  be  borne  in  mind,  h<jwevi'r,  that  the  line  of  demarkation  between  a  species 
and  a  subspecies  is  a  purely  arbitrary  one  and  is  largely  a  matter  of  individual  oi)inion. 
Subsi)ecies  are  distinguished  by  a  thinl  name;  for  example,  JJendroiai  jiuliuiinna 
hif/)oi'hi'>i!^('(i  is  a  race  or  subspecies  of  Dfinlroka  jHilmarum. 

Having  learned  something  as  to  what  a  bird  is,  let  us  take  up  in  order  the  more 
important  external  parts,  such  jis  the  wing,  tail,  bill,  and  feet. 


INTRODUCTION. 


3 


Carpus 


THE   WIN(j. 

As  an  ai<l  to  i(U-iititi(':ition,  the  wing  cluiriictvrs   are  most  important.     The  terms 
primaries,    secondaries,    axillars,    wing   coverts,    etc.,    are   constantly    used  in 
(lescril>inu:  birds,  anil  tiie  stucUnu  slioukl  learn  to  recognize  them  at  a  glauee. 
The  Remiges  are  the  lli<fht 
featiiers   of    the   wing, 
and    the     Tt'ct rif's    are 
the  small  featlu'rs  cov- 
ering the  ni>i)er  part  of 
the   wing    or    shonlder 
(see   ilhistration).  and 
are  usually  called  cov- 
erts.       The     Heniiges 
are   divided  into    pri- 
maries,  secondaries, 
and   tertials,    accord- 
ing to  the  location  in 
the  wing. 
The     Primaries  are    the 
feathers  growing  from 
the  outer  section  of  the 

wing ;  that  is  to  say,  from  the  outer  bend  of  the  wing  (carpus)  to  tij*,  C  to  I),  the 
numl)er  ranging  from  ii  to  10  (and  rari'ly  11)  in  various  families.      At   first,  it  is 

not  always  easy  to  distinguish  the  last 
l)rimaryfrom  the  lirst  secondary  ;  I»ut 
experience  is  the  best  teacher,  and  the 
l)oint  can  always  be  settled  by  exam- 
ining the  roots  of  the  feathers. 
The  Secondaries  are  the  remiges  at- 
tached to  the  nbia  or  forearm,  I>  to  C 
(see  illustration)  ;  they  number  from 
(>  to  10  in  the  vtirions  families;  the 
Humming-bird  having  the  smallest 
number,  and  the  Albatross  more 
than  40. 

The  Tertials  are  the  few  renndning  remiges  which  grow  from  the  hiimei'Kn^  A  to  Ii. 
The  Tectrices,  or  Wing  Coverts,  are  small  feathers  covering  the  larger  wing 
feathers;  the  feathers  lining  the  edge  of  the  under  surface  of  the  wing  are  called 
under  wing  coverts.  The  outer  wing  coverts  are  divided  and  described  as 
greater  wing  coverts,  middle  wing  coverts,  and  lesser  wing  coverts, 
respectively.      (See  illustration.) 


HIUDS    OF    EASTEKN    NOKTII    AMKKICA. 


The  Speculum.  A  toriii  iisfil  to  iiulicatt*  a  piitch  «>r  btiiid  on  tho  wiiii>  (iiHiiallyof 
diffi'ii'iit  color  from  tlie  rest  of  tin*  featluTs).  fniincd  by  the  tenuiiial  portion 
of  the  seeomhiries,  very  uotieeable  in  the  Ducks.  (See  ilhistration,  Topouraphy 
of  ii  Duck,  pa^e  H.) 

(Tntler  Primary ^CocerU 


Ondtr  Wing  ('overtt 


Jtay* 


Primaiies 


^-J2^y~-AjriUar$  or  AxiUary  Plvmm 


I'luler  Surface  of  Wing. 

The  Axillary  Plumes,  or  Axillars,  are  au  important  aid  in  tlie  itU'ntilication  of 
many  species  ;  these  are  several  ratlier  eh»n«iated  feather  growinj^  from  the  arm- 
pit (cwv7/a),  at  the  junction  of  tlie  win*;  and  body. 


THE  TAIL. 

The  Rectices,  or  Tail  Feathers,  proper,  number  from  -s  to  21,  and  in  some  very  few 
cases  even  more.      \i\  far  tlie  ";reater  ninnber  of  birds,  however,  have  12  rectices. 


TVuncate  or  ai/uare  tail 


PMmIM  or  iMH«i/«  fart  Forked  UmI 

Oradttated  tail 

The  small  feathers  overlai)pinnr  the  rectices  are  called  upper  tail  coverts,  while 
those  below  are  the  under  tail  coverts  or  crissum.  (For  illustration  of  tail 
coverts  and  crissum,  see  Topojiraphy  of  a  IJird.) 


fNTIJODlCTIOX, 


5 


THE    LEG  AND   FOOT. 

A  bird's  log  may  be  briclly  desciibecl  as  hr.ving  only  the  kuee  dowmvanl  exposed  ; 

the  true  tlii<rli  is  eoneeah'd,  but  may  be  felt  under  the  skin  on  the  side  of  the  body. 

riie  true  knee  is  close  to  the  botly  just  under  the  skin.     'I'lie  tirst  exposed  joint  which  is 

apparently  the  knee,  but  which  hpuds  hcu-h- 

/nnv/,  is  really  the  heel.     (See  illustration. )  ^  /'— x_    '''■''""• 

The  bird  does   not  walk  on   the  foot  (from  c-'^V/     / 

the  heel  downward),  but  merely  walks  on  V  ^-^  f  *^^^  D 

his  toes. 


Iteticiilaie  Tardus  S/i 


Booted  Tamtix        ScutellcUe  Tarsus 

The  Tarsus,  which  is  measured  from  the  bend  of  the  leg  (end  of  tibia)  f.o  the  roots 
<»f  the  toes  (C  to  I)  in  illustration),  is  an  imi)ortant  ftictor  in  the  identilication  of 
many  species.  The  feet  are  very  variMl)le  in  shape  and  arrangement  of  the  toes. 
These  variations  are  of  the  greatest  importance,  representing  geniu'ic  and,  often, 
family  difl'erences. 


Adjz 


Types  of  Feet.  — Water  Minis. 


6 


BHIDS    OF    KASTFUN    NOKTII    AMF.RICA. 


The  Toes  are  sometiisjos  three  or  four  (the  Ostrich  has  hut  two),  sometimes  two  in 
front  and  two  liehind ;  two  in  front  and  one  1  ohind  ;  or.  in  one  fannly  (not  North 
Auu'rica),  all  four  turned  forward,  Sonie  families  have  the  toes  joined  or  fused 
t /)<rether  for  ])art  «>f  their  len«ith,  as  in  the  lvin<i:lisher.  Some  species  havewehhed 
feet,  others  have  the  toes  arnied  with  curved  talons,  and  so  on  ;  but  the  various 
dilTereuces  witli  whieli  we  wish  to  bec<mie  familiar  can  better  be  illustrated  than 
described. 


Foot  of  three-toed  Woodi^ecker 


Foot  of  Sjiarrow 


Types  of  Feet.  —  Lii.lvl  Hi 


THE  BILL. 

The  Bill  consists  of  an  upper  and  a  lower  mandible,  both  of  whicli  are 
movable.  The  shape  is  of  gi-eat  assistance  in  determinin<r  the  family  to  which  the 
species  belong.     Four  principal  types  are  recognized  :  — 

1.  Epignathous.      Tpper  uumdiblc  longer  than  lower ;   the  tip  bent  or  hooked  over 
the  end  of  lower  mandible.     (Examples  :  Hawks,  Gulls,  Petrels,  Parrots.) 

2.  Hypognathous.     Lower    mandible,  longer   than    upper    mandible.      (Examples: 
IJlack  Skim.mers,  Jihi/ttrftojts.) 

3.  Paragnathous.     Both  mandibles  of  about  e(pml  length. 

4.  rietagnathous.     Mandibles  crossed.      (Example:  Crossbill.      Lnxia.) 


INTIUUnCTION. 


TIio  sliMpo  and  size  of  flu-  hill  vary  {ireiitiy,  as  will  bo  seen  by  the  following 
iliiistiations  represiMiting  llfteen  of  the  principal  tyi>eH  ainont;  our  birds  :  — 


/Sill  of  WhiftjxxtrutU 


n 

Hill  Ql  Smg  Si>arrntr 


lull  lit'  liitmrmnfi'liint 


Hill  of  Ltml  miliin 


Bill  o'  Shrilr 


liill  ul  Vf-ci 


'        BUioJ  »-<wd(«cfar 


Bin  of  Utnn 


Cere.     A   mcinbrane  (nsnally  hard),  which  covers  the  base  of  the  upper  mancbble. 

(Hawks,  Parrots,  Ja-gers.) 
Nasal  Fossa,  or  Nasal  Groove.     Groove  in  which  the  nostrils  open. 
Qonys.     Lower  outline  (middle)  of  the  under  mandible,  A  to  H. 
Culmen.     The  ridge  of  the  upper  mandible. 
Unguis.     The  nail  on  the  end  of  the  upper  mandible.     Very  pronounced   in  some 

families  of  Water  Birds,  —  Ducks,  Pelicans,  and  Petrels. 

riandibles.  —  Some  authors  use  the  word  nxwilhi  for  the  upper  half  of  the  bill,  and 
mmulihlo^  for  the  lower.  I  prefer,  however,  to  descrihc  the  two  halves  of  the  lull 
as  upper  and  lower  mandible. 


8 


mUDS    or    KASTKIJN    Nuuril    AMEIUCA. 


Bta 


HOW    TO   MEASURE   A    BIRD. 


Lu.i/Uk 


Wing 
/- 

/ 


f  V 


For  description  see  page  9. 


HOW    TO    MKASUKK    A    KIIM). 


9 


HOW    TO    MEASURE    A    BIRD. 


See  Illustration,  page  8. 


Wing.  —  Distance  from  carpal  joint  C  (ben<l  of  wing)  to  the  tip  of  the  longest 
primary  1).     See  cut  on  page  8. 

Length.  —  Distance  in  a  straight  line  from  the  end  of  the  bill  to  the  tip  of  the 
longest  tail  feather.  (Occasionally  the  middle  feathers  are  nnich  elong- 
ated, as  in  the  Old  Squaw  and  Pintail  Duck,  and  in  other  families  of 
birds,  such  as  Pha*thon  and  Stereorarius.  In  such  cases  it  is  well  to 
give  the  length  from  Ijill  to  longest  tail  feather,  and  also  to  end  of 
outer  tail  feather.) 

Tail. —  Distance  from  the  tip  of  the  longest  tail  feather  to  its  base  (the  point  where 
it  enters  the  body). 

Bill.  — The  distance  in  a  straight  line  from  where  the  bill  (upper  mandible)  joins 
the  skin  of  the  forehead  (A)  to  the  tip  (IJ).  (There  are  a  few  excep- 
tions to  this  rule,  in  other  families,  such  as  birds  with  frontal  plate,  etc. 
Some  curved  bills  are  measured  along  the  curve  of  the  culmen,  and  at 
times  it  is  advisable  to  measure  from  the  nostril  to  tiie  tip  of  the  bill, 
but  in  such  cases  it  should  always  be  so  stated.) 

Tarsus.  — Distance  in  front  of  the  leg  from  what  apppam  to  be  the  knee  joint  (end 
of  tibia)  to  the  root  of  the  middle  toe.  All  measurements  are  given 
in  inches  and  fractions  of  an  inch. 


INDEX  TO   KEY  TO   FAMILIES. 


WATER   BIRDS. 

Group   1.     Toes,  four,  with  lohatc  wrli  or  wrl»  on  si«l<-s  «»f  tot's.      Stv  pjij^o  11. 

/^4 


Group  2.     Toes,  four;    front  toes,  palmate  (full  \vel»lK«<l);  hind  toe,  not  connected 
with  front  ones  by  web.      See  pasc  12. 


Group  3.     Toes,  four;    toto-palnmte   (all  toes   full  weblK-d)  ;    hind   toe,  connected 
with  front  ones  by  web.      See  j»a<iP  l.'». 


Group  4.     Toes,  four,  not  fnll  webbed  :    small  web  l»etween  toes  at  base,  or  toes 
entirely  without  web  ;   hind  toe,  sometimes  very  small.     See  ptige  17. 


iSection  1.     Hind  toe,  raised  above  level  of  front  toes.     See  i)a<j;e  17. 

Section  2.     Hind  toe,  on  same  level  with  front  toes.      See  page  11). 
Group  .">.     Toes,  three,  full  webbed;   no  hind  tf»e.     See  pagr  21. 
Group  6.     Tcies,  three,  not  lull  webbe<l ;   a  small  wel»  iM'tween  toes  at  base,  or  toes 
entirely  without  web.     See  page  23. 

(10) 


KEY    TO    FAMILIES. 


WATER    BIRDS, 
GROUP   1. 


Toes,  four,  with  lobate  webs,  or  webs  on  sides  of  toes. 


Kill,  |MMiit''«l :  fi'ot.  j»1:hmm1  f.ir  Itnck.  n<':ir  tai! :  nrjiiorpart*.  *ilr*-rr  »lih<»-:  tail-  T^-rr  -?iort- 

FawHIy   POOICIPID^.     Grebes. 

r  . — 
* 


F"rp|iea<l.  with   Unvp  shield;  bill,  rather  short :    ir»n»-r3l   e*,l*n;  *lafltT  Cray;    t"**---    with 
l.»h:ife  welM.  Family   RALLID/E.    SubUmmiy  PLUCINVE.    Coots. 

paj^  KM). 


[2 


TIIK    lillChS    «»F    KASTKISN    NoUTII    .\MKUH   \. 


Iliinl  tor,  clcvntt'il  ;iln»vr  till*  li'vel  of  lli«!  otluT-* ;  l>ill.  slrinlcr;  no-itrils,  op«'nin{;  tliroiigh 
slits;  sides  of  toes,  webbed.  Family   PHALAROPODII)/£.    Phalaropes. 

S«*»*  pap*  104. 


GROUP  2. 

Toes,  four;  front  toes,  palmate  (full  webbed);  hind  toe, 
not  connected  with  front  ones  by  web. 


Hill,  !<tr:ii;;lit  :iiiil  |Hiiiit)-ii:  tiirsiis,  tlat- 
teue«l:  liiiid  to<',  with  tl:ij>  or  IoIm*;  fe»'t, 
phu-«'«l  f:ir  Icirk  m»:ir  tin-  tail:  lail.  very 
short. 

Family  aAVIID/E.     Loons. 
Sva  paffc  •2S. 


Yory  lar;;o  winjr,  ov»'r  10  iiu-he*  loiij;;  upixT  iiiandilil*-, 
furvctl  near  til),  foniiiii;;  a  lMM>k,  th«'  eml  (mi-ruis)  «Milarjr<'<l : 
nostrils,  separate  aud  ttihular :  IiIimI  toe.  nuliinentary,  often 
apparently  wautiiiir. 

Family  DIOMEDEID/E.     Albatrosses. 
."^et-  pa«;e  40. 


'% 


\ 


*. 


Xostills,  tubular,  united  in  one  double-barrelled  tube;  front  toes,  palmate  (full  weblietl); 
hind  toe,  very  small,  and  sn  some  ca>>es  entirely  absent;  upper  mandible,  cuire*!  near  tip? 
wing,  less  than  19  inches  long. 

Family  PROCCLLARIID/E.     Shearwaters,  Petrels,  and  Fulmars. 

See  page  4C. 


KKV    TO    FAMILIK>. 


\V.\IKi:    I11U1'> 


13 


N«»!«tril-.  j»«*paiaW'  not  tulmlar:  bill,  with  cere  ( a  liuriiy  or  -kin-lili*' «'ov»'riiijr  on  l»»fM»  of 
iip|HT  inaniiiMr)  :  liiml  lof,  soni<'lini)-s  vny  <inall;  fti<l  of  u|i|h'|-  uiamliMe  iiMi;;uirt).  •twollfii 
ami  "*<Miii-\vliat  I'uuiulfil ;  hack  aiiil  \vinj{'»,  aUvay-*  tlark.  •iuiiii-iiiin-..  mtoiy,  •^ouK'tiiii)"'  liairtMl 
Willi  brown;  tsiil,  never  white  or  j^ray,  iHiiallv  very  dark;   midille  tali    feathers,  longest, 


lint  only  very  lonj;  in  ailuit  llinl^',  sometimes  only  sli^litly  l«)ii;ier  tiian  r»Mt  of  tail  featliers  in 
iiinnatin-e  liirds;  in  Itrowii  |iluina^c.4,  tlic  axillar!<  (featliers  extentlin^  from  armpit)  are 
lieavily  liarred,  brown  an<l  wliile;  in  otlier  plninaiie-i,  tlie  axiiiar-  ami  under  wins;  eoverls  are 
sooty  lirowii  or  dark  -ijaty  lirown.  Family  STERCOKARIID/E.    Skuas  and  Jaegers. 

>«•!•  page  ■M. 


Sfe^^A 


1 


'*'m 


J^. 


Nostril-,  separate  not  tiilMilar ;  bill,  without  cere ;  liind  toe.  sometimes  very  small;  iip|)er 
Mian*lild<-.  curved;  unguis  i^cnd  of  bill),  not  sudjlcii:  niiddle  tail  fe.-itliers,  about  «'<jnai  in 
lengtli  to  the  otiiers;  tail,  rarely  dark,  altliougit  sometimes  tipped  witli  blaek  «»r  brown; 
axill;irs  and  undi'r  wing  coverts,  wliite  or  gray,  sometimes  with  tiarroic  gray  lines  or  faint 
wavy  l»ars. 

Family  LARID/E.    Subfamily  LAKIN/E.    Gulls. 

.See  page  lUi. 


Nostrils,  separate  not  tubular:  hind  toe,  sometimes  very  small;  upi>er  mandible,  nearly 
straiglit,  not  hooked  or  decidedly  rounded  near  tip:  outer  t.-iil  feather-.  i:-ually  lotiger  tlian 
middle  feathers.  Family  LARID/E.     Subfamily  STERNIN/C.    Terns. 

•  .s«M'  page  4 1 . 


Bill,  like  blade  of  u  knife,  the  under  maudil)le  the  longer:  plumage,  black  alnive.  white 
below.  Family  RHYNCHOPID/E.    Skimmers. 

See  page  45. 


14 


TIIK    IJIUnS    or    KASTEUN    NOKTIl    A.MKKICA. 


Bill,  very  imieli  l)eiU,  witli  tootli-like  senution.s  on  ed^i;.     L;ir<;e,  tall  hinla  witli  loiig  necks 
an.l  lefTs,  usually  kmI  or  piuk.  Family  PHCENICOPTERID/E.     Flamingoes 


Bill,  lon<;  ami  narrow,  liaviiij;-  tooth-like  serrations  on  e(l<;es;  toes,  four,  the  Iront  ones, 
full  webbed;  hind  toe,  with  llaj). 

Family  ANATID/E.    Subfamily  MERQIN/E.    Mergansers. 

See  l)a<;e  (il. 


Z^ 


Ti>|i  "il  liill  "p1   Mcii;!in.>i'i-. 


ISiilc  ol  l)ill. 


Bill,  nut  naiiow;  tarsus,  seutellate  in  iron!  (transverse  scales) ;  toes,  four, 
the  I'roiit ones,  lull  weitbeii:  /liinf  (dcs,  viHinnt  ilrt-idiil  iIi'ji  or  h>lir. 

Family  ANATID/E.     Subfamily  ANATIN^.     River  and  Pond  Ducks. 

See  pant'  t'>^. 


Ducks, 


Itill  ol'  Duck. 


Bill,  not  narrow;  tarsus,  seutellate  in  front  (transverse  scales) ;  toes,  four, 
the  front  ones,  full  webbed  :  hiiid  tin\  willijlitft  or  lohr. 

Family  ANATID/C.    Subfamily  FUlJOULIN/t.    Sea  Ducks. 

!See  page  71. 


..    .--.^  1...V-1. 


KEY    TO    I'AMILIKS.  WATEK    lUUJJtS. 


15 


Lores,  feathered;  tarsus,  reticulate  (scales  rounded)  ;   wiuij,  niori'  thuti  thirteen  inches  hnig; 
toes,  four,  the  frout  ones  full  welthed. 

FamHy  ANATID/E.     Subfamily  ANSERIN/E.     Geese  and  Brant. 

See  paj^e  SI. 


(Jeef-o  mill  Swjiii. 


T.ores,  ])artly  hare;  tarsus,  reticulate  (scales  rounded;  ;  size,  lar^-e;  neck,  lotiij;  winir.  over 
eighteen  inches  long;  plumage,  wliite  or  gray.  Subfamily  CYGNIN/fi.     Swans. 

See  page  JS4. 

GROUP  3. 

Toes,   four,   toto=paImate ;    (front   toes,  full    webbed ;) 
hind  toe,  connected  with  front  ones  by  web. 


>-^.-* 


Bill,  sliarp  pointed ;  ciiin,  teatlitMcd;  tofs,  tour.  m11  connected  oy  wehs. 

Family  PHAETHONTID/E.    Tropic  Birds. 

tjee  page  GO. 


Bill,  stout,  but  uot  hooked;  dun,  bare;  neck,  thick;  tons,  four,  all  connected  by  webs. 

Family  SULID/E.    Gannets. 

See  pngo  51. 


16 


THK    BIRDS   OF    KASTEKN    XOllTII    AMEUICA. 


Rill,  shiiri>-|>oiiit«Hl  ainj  sleinltM-:  cliiu,  Itiire;  neck,  loiij;  :iii<t  slemU-r; 
toes,  lour,  :ill  f«niuecte<l  liy  \v«'l>-i;  mitidlc  tail  feathtTS,  r<»iTii,it:it«'(l  or 
fluted. 

Family  ANHINOID/E.     Darters,  Snake  Birds. 

See  |(;ii::t'  HU. 


Hill,  liookcil  at  tip,  over  twelve  inches  lonjt  aud  having  ; 
large  nouoh ;  lores,  hare:  toes.  four,  all  connected  by  webs. 

Family  PELECANID/E.    Pelicans 

S«-»*  i»age  56. 


liili,  hooked  at  tip,  and  ie^*s  than  twelve  iuches  long;  bare  skiu  at  l>ase  of  bill  aud  chin: 
lores,  bare;  toes,  tour,  all  connected  by  web.;. 

Family  PHALACROCORACID/E.     Cormorants. 

See  page  51. 

:i 

'  Bill,  hooked  at   tip;    lores,  feathered;    upper  plumage,  entirely 

black:  toi-s.   four,  all  connected  by  webs;  tail,  forked:  wings,  very 
!      long. 
^  {  Family  FREUATID/E.    Man-of°war  Birds,  Frigate  Birds. 

*s    I  8ee  l)age  58. 


KEY    Ti)    FAMILIES.  WATEIi    lUKDS. 


17 


GROUP  4. 

Toes,  four;  toes,  not  full  webbed;  small  webs  between 
toes  at  base,  or  toes  entirely  without  webs;  hind  toe, 
sometimes  small. 

Section   1.     Hind  toe,  raised  above  level  of  front  toes. 


7 


^^\ 


^ \  '■"^'■ 

Avocot.  Avoc-et. 

Tarsus,  over  ."{.50  iuclics  lou*;:  bill,  ourvfd  upwiinl  or  stnii.ulil. 

Family  RECURVIROSl  RID/E.     Avocets. 

See  page  106. 


Iliml  t(»',  higher  than  front  toes:  tarsus,  less  than  iJ.oO  in(.'ht'<  loni;;  uiiiMIe  toe  and  daw 
to^i't'tlicr  sliorter  tlian  hill,  execpt  a  !V\v  of  tlie  small  spccit'-;.  whii-li  have  niidtlle  toe  and  claw 
(Miiial  111  or  loii':;er  than  l)ill;  hut  all  sueh  have  the  helly  and  under  tail  eoverts  jture  wliite  in 
most  plumages.  Family  SCOLOPAClD/l:.     Snipe,  Curlews,  Sandpipers,  etc. 

Sec  pagf  1(>7. 


i 


C-  .'-'      \    'iHI'llnJ'Tllil  xsm 


Hind  toe,  higher  than  frontoncs:  lower 

haek  and  rumi>.  white,  with  black  band. 

Family  APHRIZID/E.    Turnstones. 

i  «ee  page  12y. 


18 


THE    BIRDS   OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMKRICA. 


Hind  toe,  higher  tliau  front  oues;  hiud  tot-,  very   small,   liardly   iioticeal)le;  hill,   i»laek, 
rather  short  umi  stout ;  all  other  spenes  l)eloii<riiijf  to  this  family  liave  hut  throe  toes. 

Family  CHARADRIID/E  {Charadriiis  squatcrola).    Black-^bellied  Plover. 

See  paj^e  12  J. 


King  Itai 


Hind  toe,  ahove  level  of  fnmt  toes;  hill,  less  than  'A  iiiehes  lon<; :  toes, 
foin',  no  eonil»-like  eilire  on  inner  side  of  noddle  to.;  nail;  middle  toe  and 
claw  together  not  shorter  than  bill,  usually  decidedly  l<)n«>er;  under  tail 
coverts,  not  white.  Family  RALLID/E.     Rails,  etc. 

See  page  U7. 


Vlr}?inia  Kiiil 


Rails. 


Hind  too,  ahove  level  of  front  toes:  l>ill,  over  'A  inches  long; 
wing,  over  16  inches;  tarsus,  over  7  inches;  toes,  tour,  no 
comb-like  edge  on  inner  side  of  middle  toe  nail ;  lores,  with 
hiiir-like  hristles.  Family  GRUID/fE.    Cranes. 

.See  page  Jt5. 


lliud  toe,  ahove  level  of  front  toes;  hill,  over  !{  inches  long;  tarsus, 
under  7;  wing,  uiuler  16;  toes,  four,  no  comh-like  edge  on  inner  side  of 
middle  toe  nail;  under  mandihle,  often  slightly  twisted  near  tip;  plumage, 
<lark  l)rown  with  white  streaks.  Family  ARAMID/E.    Courlans. 

bee  page  'JO. 


I 


i 


KEY    TO    lAMlLIK.s.  WATKIC    IJIKDS. 


19 


Section  2.     Hind  toe,  on  level  with  front  toes. 


I'les,   loiij;;  iiiid  slfiiilcr;  hill,  short  iind  i)()i!it»'<l;  ;i  liare  shiold  or  plat*'  on  loichcad :  witi';. 
ahoiit  7  hu'hcs  lonu,  laipii.-*  (hciid  of  wiii^)  to  lip:  under  tail  covt'it-;.  white. 

Family  RALLID/C.     Subfamily  (jALLINULIN/E. 
Purple  (jallinule,  or  Florida  Gallinule. 

See  pa^e  100. 


^'^SW*' 


i^s'ja* 


Hill,  iKiarly  straij;lit  and  sharply  pointed  ;  inner  side  of  middle  toe  nail,  with  dislintt  oonilt- 
like  edire;  toes,  four,  uU  ou  same  level.  Bitterns,  tail  with  ten  feathers.  Herons,  tail  with 
twelve  featliers.  Family  ARDKID.1E.    Herons,  Egrets,  and  Bitterns. 

See  pajie  Hit. 


20 


TiiK  i5iiM>s  (»|-  i;ami;i;.\   nouiii   a.mkimca. 


(Jreatcr  part  ui  pluina;;)',  whili';  bill,  rouiuh'tl  and  soiiu'wliiil  nnved, 
v*'iy  thick  ami  stroiij;;  ^//•.s«^•,  iil(C<i>i.s  orcr  jin-  iui'lics  loinj ;  toi's,  lour,  all 
ou  same  level;  ho  co)iif>-likr  ithje  on  iutursiilc  nf  tnidtlle  tuc  lutil. 

Family  CICONIID/E.    Storks  and  Wood  Ibises. 

Sec  i)afie  .ss. 


S."^  i^U;^ 


A  -^er-^  —  ii5n»..- 


K^ 


Bill,  lonj;,  ratlier  fdender,  and  docididly  curved 
downward;  Inrsus,  nlimi/s  less  tlinn  rire  iiirhfs  hm(j : 
toes,  four,  all  on  the  same  level :  no  conih-like  ed^c  („i 
side  of  midtlle  toe  nail.     Family  IBIDID/E.     Ibises. 

8ee  pajrc  87. 


Bill,  wide  and  tlat  al  the  end :  toes,  four,  all  on   same   level;  win*: 
7      (carpus  to  tij)),  over  twelve  inches  loiiij. 

,  Family  PLATALEID/E.     Spoonbills. 

See  page  86. 


i 


KI.Y    TO    FAMILIKS.  —  V  ATEU    HIUDS. 


21 


GROUP    5. 

Toes,  three,  full  webbed  ;  no  hind  toe. 

Nostrils,  scpiiiiitc,  not  o|ifirni<;  iuio  one  iloiiblo-hiirrellt'd  tiil)e;    upper  mandible,  cnrvi'd 
near  tip;  bill,  yellowisli.  or  o^rrcnisb  yellow:  an  indication  of  a  hind  toe,  in  ilio  lonii  ol  a 

.■^.^  small    kiiol>  witboiit   nail;  tail,  cntiicly  wiiitf,    or 

.. — -.^  wliitf  willi  lilack  baud  ucar  tij).  This  is  the  ouly 

'"^^.i'    -^••'  North  Americau  jrull  lackiuir  a  hiud  toe. 

f^  ~  "J*h-^ — '-^  Family  LARiD-4^  (I.drim  tridarUjhn. 

'>^t^  Kittiwal<e  (iull. 

See  pa>^e  .'{(I. 


Bill,  leddi-ih  (iu  life   show iui;  also  yellow  aud   blue), 
peouliiir  in  forui,  su»iirestini;  that  of  panoi. 
Family  ALCID/E. 

Subfamily   FRATERCULIN/E.     Puffins. 

See  piifje  ',\0. 


Xti- 


IVdl,  blaek,  with  narrow  white  band. 
Family  ALCID/E. 
Subfamily  ALCIN/E.     Auks. 

See  pajre  ;^0. 


TVdl,  blai'k  or  brownish ;  wini;, 
over  7.'ir»  inehes  lonj;.  earpus  (bend 
of  win>r)  to  tij). 

Family  ALCID,^. 
Subfamily  ALCIN/E. 
Murres. 
See  pa«r»'  -^O. 


Bill,  blaek.  or  blaekish:  win<;.  less  than  7.25.  but  more  than  '^.'^0,  measured,  carpus  to  tip. 

Family  ALCID/E.     Subfamily  PHALARIN/E.    Guillemots. 

See  page  30. 


22 


TIIK    MIKDS    «>l"    K.VSTKK.v    NoKTil    A.MKKK'A. 


iiirli«»« 


"^  liill,  black,  or  Mackish;  win;;,  le-*^  than  '» 

lou;;  ( faipiirt  to  tip). 

Family  ALCID/fi.     Subfamily  ALLIN/C. 

Dovekies. 
Little  Auks. 
Sh»-  page  :W. 


Very  Iarif«'  win;;,  «iv»t  V*  imcIip-s  lon«::  iippor  niandiMo, 

curved    M»-ar    ti|>.    forinin;;   a    lionk.    tli<*   »'ii<l    .un;;iii>)    fii- 

hiij;t'il:    iiosiiil-i,   sfparatt*  and  ttilHiiar:   liind  t<)«\  iiidinifii- 

tary.  often  appan-nily  w.-mtin;;. 

\S/'"\/i  Family  DIOMEDEID/C.     Albatrosses. 

See  pa;;e  4fi. 


Shearwater. 


Petrel. 


Fulniar. 


Xostril-i,  tubular,  unite<l  in  one  (louble-lKirreiJed 
tube;  front  toe*,  palmate  (full  webbed;;  hind  toe,  very 
small,  anil  in  some  ca«e<»  entirely  absent;  upper  mandi- 
ble, cur\'ed  near  tip:  winy.  le»-<  than  19  inelies  lon<;. 

Family  PROCELLARIID/E. 
5hearwaiers,  Petrels,  and  Fulmars. 
See  page  4G. 


KFV    TO    FAMILIES.    —  WAIKU    lUKDS. 


23 


GROUP  6. 

Toes,   three;    a  small   web  between  toes,   or,  entirely 
without  web. 


Bill,  sU'IkUt;    wiiii;,    alxHit    5    iir'.-he*:  l»ill,  atmut  one  incli ;  this  is    thi'  only  n-preseu- 

lativi'  of  this  family  with  three  toes,  all  <»th«Ts  have  fmir:    tarsus,  less  than  IjIO  inches  loug. 

Family  SCOLOPACID/E.     ( Calnfrix  iirimn-Hi.)     Sander  ling.    Sandpiper. 

See  |)ai:e  107. 


rf-  •   '  -f. 


A 


.'.-».    V-: 


u- 


Toes,   three,    partly  wehhed :   t:ii'Hiis,  tiv.-r   .{   inches   lontj;    sreneral   plu)na«;e,  hiaek  aud 
white;  lesr^.  pink  le.l  in  life.  Family  RECURVIROSTRID/E.     Stilts. 

See  paj?e  KXJ. 


24 


TlIK    IMUDS    OF    KASTKKN    NOUTII    AMKIJICA. 


r 


,,  '  ^myii^ip'?^^'''  '^  ' 


■■■  f  t|ipinjB,m"     —-j 


Plovers. 


^ 


Bill.  iJhort:  some  species  luive  l»ill  less  Miiiii  three  «|nartpra  ineli  lonjr;  none  have  l)ill  over 
two  inches  long.  Family  CHARADRIID/E.     Plovers. 

See  pa^e  124. 


Bill,  over  2.50  inches  lono;;  liead  and  neck,  hl.ick  or  blackish:  bill,  red. 

Family  H/CnATOPODID/E.    Oyster-catchers. 

See  pag(^  130. 


I  AMILY    rODiniMD.K.  — €iKF.HK.*. 


25 


WATER    BIRDS. 


KEY    TO    THE    SPECIES. 


FAMILY   PODICIPID/E. 


Grebes. 

"A%.  Toes,  four ;    three    in    front,  one    behind,  with    lobate  webs. 

*  Group  1.     Wing,  less  than  6.50  inches  long. 

Depth  of  bill  at  base  of  culmen,  over  .40.     In  anmm^-^r:  tan.  vhli  Uburk  I*mm41;  throat, 
black. 

/«  vimtfr:  Bill,  witliout  hlark  1>:iih1;  lliroat,  white. 

Podiiymhm  poih'r^'9.    Picd-biBed  Grebe.    Heii  I>iver. 

S**-  Xo.  4. 


Depth  of  bill  at  liyase  of  culmeti,  less  than  .40.    /«  rmmm^:  T«ro  raiaH  taft«  of 
f>roniii-h  ^niy  or  hiiH'-colored  foatlior.s  iM'liiiid  the  eye:  crown,  tuf^-.  ai*<l  ihr*ai,  l*iack. 

/*«  triHtir:  I'laiii  colored,  wiMiont  hlack  or  Imff  on  lie:«»|;  ai«f^Y  Ylunutx*'.  grayi-h  Mack: 
rindfr|Mirt.*.  silvery  wliite.  often  tiiijred  with  ush  ^ray  on  thmat  awl  ^V-^. 

Cfilfrnfm*  ^mritm*      Horned  Grebe. 
S**"  Xo.  2. 

*  Group  2.     Wing,  over  6.50  inches  long. 

Imsmaaicr:  <"rown,  hlack:  upper  throat,  fjray;   lower  throat  aoKl  '<r*a«t-  <-b«^oat  mfoo-*; 
rest  of  uiMleq*art«,  silvery  jrrayisli  white. 

Imtrimler:   Xo  rufous  hrowu  on  throat  or  breast.       CtAfimfiiK*  hftlttmni.    Holboeli's  Grebe. 

Shp  Xo.  1 . 


♦  For  directions  for  measnremeiit,  steepai^th. 


L>»; 


KKY    TO    TIIK    lUKDS    OF    KASTKUN    XOUTH    AMF.UHA. 


Ureltes. 


Horned  Grebe. 


Pled-billeri  Grebe. 


FAMILY    (JAVIID.K.  —  L<MJNS. 


27 


FAMILY   QAVIID/E. 

Loons. 

Toes,  four;  front  toes,  palmate  (full  webbed)  ;  bill,  pointed; 
tarsus,  flattened  ;    hind  toe,  with  flap  or  small  lobe. 


*  Group  i.     Wing,  9.50  to  11  inches  lonj?:. 

Back,  with  white  spots  ;    throat,  whit)*  or  whitish  (iiiiiiiatiin'  or  winter). 

iinvia  Iniivm-.     Ked'thn>ated  Loon. 

S»'c  \o.  7. 

Ba«-1<.   witliout   tlisliiu-t   white  spots;    tlit-   fi-atlu-r-.    etl%cd  with  ashy:    throat,    white  or 
iliisky  1  iiiiiiiatiin' or  winter).  iiacin  m-rtirun.     Black-throated  Loon. 

See  \i».  C. 

|[eail,  a-hy  jrray  ;  tliroat,  l»la<l,  fa(hiit).  (htrin  iin-tinis.     Biack-throated  Loon. 

.See  No.  <>. 

Throat,  gray;  fnmt  of  neek,  chestnut  hrowu  (ailuU). 

<Tiivi<i  hiiiimi .    Ked-throated  Loon. 

See  No.  7. 


*  Group  2.     Wing,   II  to  15  inches  long. 
Section   1.     Depth  of  bill  at  base,  more  than  .85. 


Head.  Iiiac-k  (adult). 

Top  of  liead,  grayish;  tliroat,  wliite  (innnature  «>r  winter  phnn:iirej. 


Gavin  imfur.     Loon. 
.See  Xo.  .'». 

fffiPia  hiil'ir.     Loon. 
.See  Xo,  .*). 


Section  2.     Depth  of  bill  at  base,  less  than  .85. 


Head,  asli  gray;  tliroat,  liiaek  (adult). 

Throat,  gray  ;  fr<»nt  of  neck,  chestnut  hrown  (a<lult) 


Gavia  arcticus.     Black-throated  Loon. 

.See  Xo.  i>. 


Gavia  lumme.    Red-throated  Loon. 

.    See  No.  7. 


*  F'or  directions  for  meMarement,  see  pag^e  U. 


2S 


KEY    TO    THK    HlUnS    OF    KASTKllN    NOHTII    AMKKICA. 


"  ^"^"^  .?.  ^'     .  '.'.'?.*  "*Vi*  •  ■'-*"? 


Siiniiner. 


liUons. 


Winter. 


Loon. 


Black  tliroateiJ  F.oon. 


FAMILY    ALCID.E. 


AUKS,    PUFFINS,    AND    AIURUPIS. 


29 


Back,  with  white  spots  ;  throat,  white  or  whitisli  (immature  or  winter). 

GavKi  Iniiimr.    Red-throated  Loon. 

See  Nu.  7. 

Baeli,  without  distinct  white  spots ;   Hie  leathers,  edged  with  asliy;   tliroat,   wiiite  or 
iliislvv  (^iimnalure  or  V, inter),  Gavia  uMicus.    Black-throated  Loon. 

.See  No.  (J. 

*  Group  3.     Wing,  over  15  inches  long. 

Feet,  wel)bed;  lieatl,  blaeli,  in  atlult;  head,  j^ray;  tliroat,  wliitisli,  in  innnature. 

I'n'iKitor  iinhrr.     Loon. 
See  No.  5. 


FAMILY    ALCID^. 
Auks,  Puffins,  and  Murres. 

Toes,  three;     no    hind   toe  (hallux);    toes,    palmate   (full 


s 


webbed)  ;   nostrils,  separate,  and  not  tubular. 

*  Group  I.     Wing,  less  than  5  inches  long. 

Winter  jilunuKje :   Ipper  jiarts,  hiaeli  ;  untlerparts,  wliite.     fn  siinuiur :  'I'he 
breast,  liiroat,  and  sides  of  tlie  liead  and  necii,  sooty  brown. 

Aili'  (ill( .    Dovekie.     Little  Auk. 

See  No.  17.  .1? 

*  Group  2.     Wing,  5.50  to  6.50  inches  long. 


Rill,   parrot  like;   underi>arts,  white:   baek.   black:    usnally   a   lilaek 
collar.  Fraterntla  arctim.     Puffin.     Sea  Parrot. 

See  No.  <J. 


Ailnlt  in  siiinnicr:  General  plumage,  black,  a  while  patch  on 
the  shoulder:  basal  half  of  the  greater  wing  coverts  (feathers 
b)niiiniv  the  wliite  patch  on  the  winj;),  black.  Winter  bii-ds  have 
the  nnderparts  white,  and  the  ni>per  |)arts,  lil.ick  and  white. 

Crpphus  (jriiUv.    Black  (iuillemot.    Sea  Pigeon. 

See  No.  11. 

Similar  to  IMaek  (iuillemot,  but  has  the  wing  coverts  (feathers  forming  the  white  wing 
pntch)  entirely  white  and  not  with  basal  half  black. 

Immature  ;ind  winter  birds  (except  wing  coverts i,  resemiiling  tin;  IJIack  (Jnilleniot. 

Ccpphus  mnndtii.    Mandt's  (iuillemot. 

See  No.  V2. 


♦  For  tUrwtions  for  meaflureinent,  B»;e  page  0, 


;^o 


KKY    TO    TMK    HIKDS    « >F    EASTEHX    XOliTH    AMKHITA. 


Mu'its. 


I'ullin. 


ijUllll-IIIUtli. 


FA.MILY    aLCID.K.  — AUKS,    PUFFINS,    AND    MUUKES. 


31 


*  Group  3.     Wing,  6.50  to  7.50  inches  long. 


Bill,  parrot  like;  uiiderpnrts,  white;  hiit-k,  lihu-U,  ii«;ii!illy  a  hlack 
collar.  Fnitcmila  arctiru,  tiitd  run:^.     Puffin.     Sea  Parrot. 

See  No.  '.•. 


Aihilt  in  KHiiihirr:  General  plumage,  black;  a  white  i)aic'h  on 
the  shovilder;  basal  half  of  the  greater  wing  coverts  (feathcr.-t 
fonniiij?  tli(^  wliite  patch  on  the  slioulder),  black.  Winter  hinis 
Iiave  tlie  underparts  white,  and  the  upper  piiiina<je,  mixed  hhieiv, 
;iray.  and  white.  t'epphus  (jrijlU'.     Black  Guillemot. 

See  \o.  11. 

Similar  to  tiie  HIaek  Ouillenujt,  but  has  the  wing  coverts  entirely  white  and  not  with 
tiasal  hall'  black.  Crjipltus  tinindtii.    Mandt's  Guillemot. 

See  No.  12. 

Summer  pi luii'ifii'  ■'  Head,  back,  win^js.  and  tail,  sooty  lirown  :  underparts  aud  tips  of  secon- 
daries, white.  Wiii/i'i-  ithtiiKiijr :  Tuderparts,  white,  more  or  less  marked  with  sooty  brown, 
or  blackisii  about  the  throat,  belly,  and  Hanks.  Uria  lomvia.     Brunnich's  Murre. 

See  No.  14. 


Sinmnfr  pJumaiic :  Head  and  nei'k,  back,  winjjs,  and  tail,  black;  tips  of 
secondaries  and  rest  of  underparts,  white.  Winti  r  jihitmit/e :  Shiiilar,  but 
has  the  throat  white.  AIra  tordn.     Razor^bilied  Auk. 

Se»^  No.  15. 


*  Group  4.     Wing,  7.50  to  8.50  inches  long. 

Suiiriiur  phnu'Cj'' :  Head  and  neciv.  I»ack,  winj^s,  and  tail,  l)lack.  'I'ip^  of  secondarie<j  and 
rest  of  underparts.  while.  Alrn  tunln.     Razor-billed  Auk. 

Sec  \(>.    15. 

Siimntrr  plKindije:  Head,  bick.  winif-».  and  tail,  dark  sooty  bi'oun;  underparts  and  tips  of 
secondaiies.  white.  II7//^r  i>liiin<nif :  rndeiparts,  white,  more  or  less  marked  with  sooty 
blown  or  Itlackisli  about  tin'  throat,  belly,  and  flaidvs;  iiill,  usually  over  1.(10. 

Cri'i  troilr.     Murre. 
See  No.  i:{. 

Similar  to  rn'n  lrnil<\  but  has  the  head  darker  than  the  throat;  bill.  iHin.ily  under  l.fio. 

I't'iii  linni'ifi.     Brunnich's  Murre. 
See  No.  14. 


♦  For  fllrectloiiri  for  iiieasurt'iiuMit,  see  page  9. 


ismn 


32 


KKY    TO    THH    MIKDS    OF    KASTEKN'    NOIJTII    AMKUKA. 


*  Group  5.    Wing,  over  8.50  inches  long. 


fe 


i^ 


Auk. 

Head  Miid  neok,  black,    easily    distiuguished 
by  the  sliape  of  tlu;  bill;    a  white  line  on  liill. 
Aim  tarda.    Razor-billed  Auk. 
bee  >io.  15. 


Munc, 


Auk. 


.■»■-* 


Head  and  neck,  sooty  brown;  bill  pointed,  no  white  line  on  bill.  Vnn  troilr.    Murre. 

See  No.  13. 


•  For  directions  for  measurement,  nee  page  1*. 


FAMILY    STKliCOUAUUD.E.  SKUAS    AND   J.EOEKS.  33 


FAHILY   ST^RCORARIID^. 

Skuas  and  Jaegers. 

Nostrils,  separate,  and  not  tubular;  bill,  with  cere;  front  toes,  palmate 
(full  webbed);  hind  toe,  small,  but  always  present;  end  of  upper  mandible 
(unguis),  swollen,  and  somewhat  rounded;  back  and  wings, 
"  always  dark,  sometimes  sooty,  sometimes  barred  with  brown ; 
tail,  never  white  or  gray,  usually  very  dark;  middle  tail  feath- 
ers, longest.  The  cere  (hard  skin-like  covering  on  base  of  upper 
mandible)  will  distinguish  these  birds  from  Gulls. 

*  Group  1.    Wing,  11  to  15  inches  long. 

Underparts,  not  entirely  pure  white;  bill,  over  1.35;  tarsu?,  over  1.80;  middle  tail 
feathers,  not  pointed  ;  i)luin;ii;t',  souu'iinu's  dark  lirttwii ;  soniotiinos  mixed  Si;ray,  l)n)\vii,  and 
whitt'.  Stcrconviiui  i>(»nariii)is.    Pomarine  Jseger. 

Set'  No.  1!». 

Bill,  under  1.35;  tarsus,  undi'r  1.81);  middle  tail  feathers,  pointed;  base  of  unguis 
to  frontal  feathers  less  than  length  of  unguis;  shafts  of  priniarus.  yellow  wliito. 

>'^,ti'rcoi'arins  loiigiotudits.     Long'tailed  Jsger. 

See  \o.  -21. 

Bill,  under  1.35;  tarsus,  under  1.80:  uuddle  tail  feathers,  pointed;  base  of  unguis  to 
frontal  feathers,  greater  than  length  of  unguis;  sliatts  of  primaries,  yellowish  wliiie. 

Stercoramis  pamniticm.     Parasitic  Jaeger. 

See  No.  '20. 

*  Group  2.    Wing,  over  15  inches  long. 

Bill,  with  cere;  f^etieral  color,  dark  brown,  more  or  less  streaked  witii  liglit  brown;  a 
patch  of  white  at  base  of  primaries.  Mctjalestris  sk-int.    Skua. 

See  No.  18. 


*  For  directions  for  meaourenient,  pce  vnige  0. 


M 


KKY    TO    THE    lUUDS    OF    KASTEIJN    \0|{TII    AMKUICA. 


-■■/yjfr 


Skua. 


h 


Ja?jrer. 


FAMILY   LAHfD.E. — GULLS    ANI>   TKKNS. 


Sb 


FAMILY    LARIDv*]. 


(U'LLS    AM)    TKHNS. 


SUBFAMILY   LAKIN^E.      UUJ.LS. 


Tail,   ii^iam-y  nkaki.y  .s^iahe. 

(iROir  1.     Wiiif^,  {t.50  to  11  iuclu's  loujj.     St-e  paj^*' ;W. 
GliOL'i'  2.     Wmj;,  11  to  l;{  iiK'lu's  loiij;.     Se(>  page  ^^6. 
(Juoii'  ;<.     Wiiij:;,  l;{  to  15  iurlies  lonj^.     See  paj;e  US. 
tJKOur  4.     WniiT,  !•')  to  17  iiiehes  loiij;.     See  pajje  ."{S. 

Seetioii  1.     Leiigtli,  over  21  ;  bill,  over  2;  uiulerparts.  white.     See  p;.ge  38. 

Section  2.     Len<rtli,  over  21  ;  l)ill,  over  2;  underparts,  not  white.     See  paire  8J». 

Section  3.     liCngth,  over  21  ;  Itill,  under  2;  underparts,  wliite.     S«'e  page  ;W. 

Section  4.     Length,  over  21  ;  bill,  under  2;  underparts,  not  white.     See  i)age  40. 

Sections.     Length,  under  21.     See  page  40. 
Groi  r  ').     Wing,  over  17  inches  long.     See  page  40. 


SL  BFAM 1 LY    8TEKN I N .E. 


TERNS. 


Tail,  usuallv  fokkkd. 


(jiuoL  r  1.  Wing.  .*).50  to  7.50  inches  long.     See  page  41. 

GrolI'  2.  Wiug,  7.50  to  B.-iO  inches  long.     See  page  4L 

(iROiP  3.  Wing,  S.50  to  9.50  inches  long.     See  page  41. 

(JROIP  4.  Wing,  n.no  to  11  inches  long.     See  page  41. 


GRorp  5.  Wing,  11  to  1-5  inches  long.  See  page  43. 
Grolu*  (j.  Wing,  13  to  17  inclies  long.  See  page  43. 
Group  7.     Wing,  over  17  inches  long.     See  page  43. 


36  KEY   TO   THE    BIRDS   OF    EASTKKN    NOUTll    AMERICA. 


FAMILY   LARID/E. 

Gulls  and  Terns. 

SUB-FAMILY    LARIN>E. 
Gulls. 

Upper  mandible,  curved ;  unguis  (end  of  bill),  not  swollen;  middle  tail 

feathers,  about  equal  in  length  to  the  others ; 
tail,  rarely  dark,  although  sometimes  tipped 
with  black  or  brown ;  hind  toe,  small,  but 
always  present  except  in  one  genus ;  bill,  with- 
out cere. 

*  Group  1.     Wing,  9.50  to  11  inches  long. 

riiderparls,  white;  iimtT  web  of  first  piiinaiy.  white,  with  Mack  ^^pot  lu-ar  the  fiid;  the 
tip,  white;  shaft  of  feather,  white;  adult  birds  have  the  hill  ilark  n-d:  in  inmiat'in'  birds 
it  13  hrownisli.  Lams  franklinii.    Franklin's  Gull. 

See  No.  Ji4. 

riidnpaits,  white;  itiuer  wel)  of  first  priiiiaiy,  white;  tlu-  tip,  black;  hill,  black:  shaft 
of  feather,  white.  L<trux  /•hilndflfhiti.    Bonaparte's  Qull. 

S«'f  No.  ;^5. 

I'nderparts.  white;  inner  web  of  first  primary,  about  half  white;  shaft  of  feather, 
dark  brown  on  upper  surface.     In  the  a(hilt  the  bill  i.s  black,  tipped  with  yellow. 

Xenut  mhinii.    Sabine's  Gull. 

See  No.  3S. 

*  Group  2.     Wing,  11  to  13  inches  long. 

Shafts  of  primaries,  l)lack  or  dark  brown;  underparts.  not  pure  wliite  (immature). 

Lams  atrkill".     Laughing  Gull. 
S.-.'  No.  33. 

I'nderparls,  ])ure  whiti;;  inner  wel)  of  first  primary,  white,  witli  black  spot  near  the 
end,  the  tip,  white;  shaft  of  feathers,  white.  Adult  binls  have  bill  dark  red:  in  immature 
birds  it  is  browuisli.  Lams  franklinii.     Franklin's  Qull. 

See  \o.  34. 


*  For  directlonB  for  meaauremont,  see  page  a. 


FAMILY    LAKIIKK. GULLS    AM)    TEUN'S. 


37 


'  J.I 
.•1  / 


Summer. 


Laughing  Gull. 


Wlnt«»r. 


Bonaparte's  Gnll.    Summer. 
Bonai)arte'B  (J»ill  loses  the  black  heail  in  >Tinter. 


Sabine's  Gull. 


38  KKV    TO    THE    BIIIDS    OF    EASTKKN    XOUTH    AMERICA. 

IJnderparls,  wliit**;  first  iiHmary,  oiitircly  Mack  or  dark  hrowii  (adult). 

Imths  atricilla.     LauKhinK  (iull. 
.See  No.  ;W. 

(icupral  i>luina<;t',  wliilf:  l>nrk,  white;  Jli-^t  itriniaiy  rntindy  wliiU',  <»r  w  itli  a  lilackisli 
s|)<)t  at  tip;  hind  toe,  with  nail;  Mil,  yellow.  Paijophiln  clba.     ivory  Qull. 

See  No.  22. 

Baek,  pearl  fjray  ;  inner  welt  of  primary,  white,  tiro.-idly  tipped  with  black;  a -mall  riuli- 
uieiitary  hind  toe  without  nail.  Jii^ani  tridnrtijif.     Kittiwake  (iull. 

.See  No.  2;{. 


*  Group  3.    Wing»   13  to  15  inches  long. 

Uud.'rparts,  wliite;  lirst  priujury  eutirely  black,  or  il.irk  l»rowu. 

Lnrm  alrhilUt.     Laughing:  Gull. 

See  No.  :{.{. 

General  jilumajre,  white;  first  primary,  entirely  white,  or  with  a  diisk.v  spot  near  tip:  hind 
toe,  with  nail;  bill,  le.ss  than  1.50;  wing,  less  than   14  ;  bill,  yellow, 

Pnijophilfi  (ilha.     Ivory  Qull. 
See  No.  22. 

Uuderparts,   white;  inner  web  of  j)riinary,  white,  broadly  tipped  witli  Itlaek;  a  small 
rudimentary  hind  toe.  without  nail.  Lanis  triilardjht.    Kittiwake  Gull. 

See  No.  2H. 

Uuderparts,  white;  terminal  portion  of  first  primary,  black,  with  white  spot  near  ti]). 

Lnriis  ilelfurtiri-nsiit.     Ring-billed  Gull. 

See  No.  .'H. 

rrim.-iries,  pale  pearl  f^ray,  Iteeoming  white  at  tip;  Jiill,  over  1..50:  wing,  over  14. 

Larus  lei>.co/>lt'riis.     Iceland  Gull. 

See  No.  25. 

*  Group  4.    Wing,   15  to  17  inches  long. 
Section  1.     Length,  over  21  ;  bill,  over  2 ;  underparts,  white. 

No  black  on  primaries  (adulfi.  lAtrtttt  f/lauais.     Glaucous  Gull. 

See  No.  24. 

Hack,  slaty  black;  primaries,  black  with  more  or  less  white  (adult). 

Larus  mart/iM.-*.    Great  Black-backed  Gull. 

See  No.  27. 

Back,  pale  bluish,  gray,  or  pearl  gray ;    primaries,  dull  black  or  brownish  black,  more 

or  less  marked  with  white. 

Lams  ur(jentatus  smithsonianus.    American  Herring  Gull. 

See  No.  30. 


*  Fur  directious  for  lucaduremeut,  bee  page  9. 


FAMILY    LAUID.K.  (ill,!--    .%M»    TKUSft. 


39 


Section  2.     Length,  over  21  ;  bill,  over  2;  underparts, 

not  white. 


l/grmM  ^l/tm/'H*.     GlaUTOUS  (iuil. 

\...  21. 


r»ut«*r  \v4'l»i»  of  primaries,  ash  color  (iiniiiatiire). 


Om^T  «el>!<  of  i»ritiiarie!i,  (lark  tirowii;  wing,  over  IT.-'iO:  •l*'|»€li  <.f   IjIII  at  aii:rlf.  ov«t  .I»0 
iinniaiiire;.  hintA  m'trim-.*.    Great  Black-backed  (iull. 

S*f  Xo.  27- 

Outer  w«*l»s  of  primaries,  darli  brown;  «l»'pth  of  h\\\  nl  .ids^.  aivk-r  .!*•:  «lij;:.  iiih1»t  17..V» 
( immature  J.  f.nnis  )ir'i>iif'if>i.<t  :n>tftAM/mt»rmmjf.    Aiaerican  Herring  Gull. 

S^-  No.  -l**. 

Section  3.    Length,  over  21  ;  bill,  under  2;  underparts,  white. 

Hack,  grayish  i»Iii«',  moit;  or  less  hiack  on  primari***. 

Liini.t  iiriifHtiitu.t  »-n*itk»irm!<itmmjr.     AfBcrican  Herring  Gull. 

\...  Mi. 


Back,  pale  j>oar!  ciijor;  i»ri- 
mari**-.  whiti-^ii  or  pearl  color, 
shadin<;  t<i  \%iiite  at  tips. 

L'lniit  Ji'iifiiptcriis. 

Iceland  Gull. 


Biuj^-bilU-il  (iull 


Back.  pa!e   \wm-\    color:    ])rimari«'s 
marke<l  with  platy  ;riav. 

L/irus  kumlieni.     Kumlien's  Gull. 

.See  No.  '2('>. 


:M^ 

\ 

'i^ 


4 

V 


*iT*:M  Kla^k  U»(rk<- 1  (^ull. 


fUrrtimg 


40 


KKY    TO    TIIK    HIKDS    OF    KASTKKX    NOKTM    AMKIJIOA. 


Section  4.     Length,  over  21  ;  bill,  under  2;  underparts, 

not  white. 

Outer  \\fh<  of  i>riiiiarl<'ri,  dark  l.nnvn:  l»ill,  over  1.1>0  (iniinatunO- 

htni.1  'iriji  »t<ihi.t  Kiiiil>i.iuiii(iiiiis.     Air^^'ican  Herring  (iuil. 

'.  No.  30. 

Outer  w.'Im  of  iH-linarifo.  Iirowiiish;  l»ill,  uinl«'r  l.'.H)  (limiiatunO- 

J.iini.t  kiiinlii'iii.    Kumlien's  Ciull. 

'  S«-«'  No.  2t!. 


Outer  wfli-*  of  priiiiarie ',  ash  color  (uniuaturp). 


I.iirus  Iriirn/ife-"'.     Iceland  Oull. 
Stf  .>{,.  25. 


Section  5.     Length,  under  21. 

A  lianil  of  l.huk  on  th.'  I.ill  ^ailult   .     Hill,  dull  yellow,  tipped  with  Itlaik  ^  immature"  . 

L<(rit!t  ilrlfitrtirrnxis.    Ring-billed  Oull. 
See  No.  31. 


Terns.  Gulls. 

*  Group  5.     Wing,  over  17  inches  long. 

rrimaries,  tn.irked  with  more  or  less  Mack.       Iaitus  marimis.     Great  Black^backed  Gull. 

See  No.  27. 

No  black  on  primaries.  Larus  (jlanrns.    Glaucous  Gull. 

See  No.  24. 


•  For  direotiona  for  measurement,  see  page  !). 


FAMILY    LAKID.I-:. — OULLS    A\I>   TEKN8. 


41 


5UB-FAMILY   STERNIN/E. 
Terns. 

Upper  mandible,  nearly  straight,  not  hooked  or  decid- 
edly rounded  near  tip;  outer  tail  feathers,  usually  longer 
than  middle  feathers;  toes,  four;  front  toes,  webbed; 
hind  toe,  small,  but  well  developed. 


Group  1.     Wing,  5.50  to  7.50  inches  long. 


ForelH'jitl,  white;  liill,  black:  iiii<ler|)art.->,  white;  l):u-k, 
pt-arl  jjiay  ;  crown.  Idack  adult  in  summer)  ;  back  and  crown, 
mottled  (immature).  Sierun  nntiUnruin.     Least  Tern. 

Sec  \o.  4s. 


*  Group  2.     Wing,  7.50  to  8.50  inches  long. 

Head  and  undcrparts,  l)lack   (achilt).     A  patch  of  Id.ack  belnnd  tlie  eye:  l).ick  <»f  licad, 
dusky:  rest  of  head,  wiiite  (iminatun').  Jli/drorhi'liilmt  nii/ni  siirimnnt  iikis.     Black  Tern. 

See  \o.  ni. 

*  Group  3.     Wing,  8.50  to  9.50  inches  long. 


Outer  tail  feathers,  pure  white 


Inner  web  of  outer  tail  feather,  fjray 


Sterna  iIou/ffiUL     Roseate  Tern. 
See  No.  47. 

Stprnaforstpri.     Forster's  Tern. 

.See  No.  44. 


*  Group  4.     Wing,  9.50  to  1 1  inches  long. 

Outer  web   of  outer  tail  feather,  darker  than  inner  web;  l>ack,  pearl  p^ray:  lireast, 
washed  witli  pearl  {;ray ;  bill  in  adults,  red,  tiitped  witli  black:  tarsus,  usually  over  .70. 

Sterna  hiriimlo.    Common  Tern.     Wilson's  Tern. 

See  Xo.  4.5. 

Inner  web  of  outer  tail  feather,  darker  than  outer  web;   back,  pearl  <;ray;  breast, 
white;  iiill  in  achilts,  black,  slightly  yellowish  at  tip.  Stirna  forsteri.     Forster's  Tern. 

See  No.  44. 

Outer  tail  feather,  entirely  pure  white ;  back,  pearl  gray ;  breast,  white,  often  tinged 
with  faint  rose  color;  1)111,  iu  adults,  black  with  basal  portion,  red. 

Sterna  dourfalli.    Roseate  Tern. 
See  Xo.  47. 

*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


42 


KEY    TO    THE    lUHDS    OF    KASTEIIV    NOUTJr    AXEKIOA. 


:^ 


-.:«ty 


—  > 

ForsterV  Tern.     Winter. 


Roiseate  Tern. 


Common  Tern. 


A^. 


Least  Tern.  Gull-bille.l  Tern. 

Adult  Terns  (exeept  the  No.ldy)  liave  tlie  top  of  the  heail  entirely  blaek,  part  of  the  year,  varying  with  aRC 
and  i^eaHoii. 


FAMILY    LAHID^E.  — (JULLS    AND    TERNS. 


43 


Outer  web  of   outer  tail  feather,  darker  than   inner  web;  back,  pearl  gray;  breast 
ami  uiKlcrpart-j,  ])fail  <;ra\  ;  l>ill,  in  atiiilts,  entirely  reel;  tarsus,  usually  less  than  .70. 

Sterna  paradimrn.     Arctic  Tern. 

See  No.  4r>. 

Hark,  blaek  ;  a  white  stripe  from  forehead,  extending  over  the  eye;  l)reast,  white:  bill, 
in  adults,  black.  Sterna  fnUijinoxa.     Sooty  Tern. 

See  No.  4!». 

Back,  sooty  or  <;rayish  brown;  a   white  stripe  from   forehead,  not  reaching  above  the 
eye;  liill,  tdack.  Sterna  anathitus.     Bridled  Tern. 

See  No.  .')(). 

IJack,  sooty  brown;  underparts,  sooty  brown.  Anotts  stolklns.     Noddy  Tern. 

See  No.  o'A. 

*  Group  5.     Wing,   11  to  13  inches  long. 

Hill,  black,  not  tipped  wiih  yellow  ;  feet,  blai-kish ;  bacic,  pearl  gray  ;  bill,  comparatively 
short  and  stout.  GelodieUdun  nihitiea.     Quil-billed  Tern. 

See  No.  :<!). 

Bill,  lilack,  not  tipped  with  yellow:  feet,  iilack:  back,  black  or  sooty. 

Sterna  fiiliijiiKisa.    Sooty  Tern. 
See  Xo.  4it. 

Bill,  red,  tipped  with  black;  feet,  oranne  I'ed ;  back,  pearl  fjjray  or  jjray  and  butf. 

Strriia  hiriindo.    Common  Tern.     Wilson's  Tern. 

See  No.  45. 

Bill,  black,  tipped  with  pale  yellow;  feet,  dark;  i)ilU  comparatively  loiij;  and  slender. 

Sterna  sandriernsis  aenflavida.     Cabot's  Tern. 

See  No.  30. 

*  Group  6.     Wing,   13  to  17  inches  long. 

Bill,  orange  or  yellowish;  tarsus,  less  than   l.oO;  inner  web  of  outer  i)rimary,  usually 
with  more  or  less  white.  Sterna  niaxinta.     Royal  Tern. 

See  No.  41. 

Bill,  red   or  reddish;  tarsus,  over  1. ;■)();     nner  web  of  outer  i)rimary,  usually  without 
white.  SteriKi  raspia.  Caspian  Tern. 

See  No.  40. 

Bill,  black,  tipped  witli  yedow.  Sterna  sandvice)isis  arujiarida.     Cabot's  Tern. 

See  No.  3\). 

*  Group  7.     Wing,  over  17  inches  long. 

Bill,  red  or  reddish.  .  Sterna  e<isijiti.    Caspian  Tern. 

See  No   40. 


♦  For  directions  for  mcaHurLMiicnt,  huc  jiagu  !(. 


44 


KEY   TO   THE    BIRDS   OF   EASTERN    NOKTH    AMERICA. 


Caspian  Tern. 


Royal  Tern. 
Top  of  licad  is  at  times  entirely  l)laf  k. 


Sooty  Tern. 


Noddy  Tern. 


FAMILY    KlIYNClIoriU.E.  8KIMMKKS. 


45 


FAniLY   RHYNCHOPID^. 
Skimmers. 

Bill,   like  blade  of  a  knife,  the  under   mandible  the   longer ;    plumage, 
black  above,  white  below. 

*  Group  I.     Wing,   13  to  15  inches  long. 


s^."?-*.,*^. 


<',■  -1  ■ 


Bill,  thin,  kiiiff-like;  lower  iiiaiidildt',  tinMonjiei';  luisal  luilt  uT  liill.  vi'iiuilioii  icil,  hlack- 
i'iliattip;  ui)j)t'r  plmiia^e.  I>lat'k  •,  uiuleiparts,  wiiitc.  It'll ;niilii>/>.s  iiiijni.     Black  Skimmer. 

See  No.  ;■)». 


♦  Kor  (Urcctioiin  fur  ineaHureniunt,  sec  page  !>. 


46 


KKY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERIfA, 


FAMILY    DIOMEDEID^C. 

Albatrosses. 

Very  large  wing,  over  IQ  inches  long;  upper  mandible,  curved  near 
tip,  lorming  a  hook,  the  end  (unguis)  enlarged;  nostrils,  separate  and 
tubular;  hind  toe,  rudimentary,  often  apparently  vk^anting. 

*  Group  1.     Wing,   17  to  21  inches  long 


Hill,  (link:  tli*'  t<t|i  (I'uirnoii).  vfllow .     A  v<mv  liirj^c 
-ca  l>irtl. 

'/'/iiiltissoiiiroit  riihiiiiiiiiKs.     Yellow-nosed  Albatross. 

St'('  No.  ")('). 


FAMILY    PROCELLARIID/E. 

Shearwaters,    Petrels,   and    Fulmars. 

Nostrils,  tubular,  united  in  one  double-barrelled  tube;  front  toes,  pal- 
mate (full  webbed);  hind  toe,  very  small,  and  in  some  cases  entirely 
absent;  upper  mandible,  curved  near  tip;  wing,  less  than   19  inches  long. 

*  Group  1.     Wing,  less  than  5.50  inches  long. 


General  pliniia<;f,  gooty  Idaok,  tlio  uiul<Tpaits  with  fainl 
f)ro\vni<li  tiuirt':  u])|H'r  tail  lovt-rts,  whitf,  souk-  "f  tlii-m  tipiH-d 
with  hlaok.  Proccllarid  pelnijini.     Stormy  Petrel. 

Set"  No.  (i7. 


*  Group  2.     Wing,  5.50  to  6.50  inches  long. 

Tail,   nearly  square;  u|>|kt  tail  coverts,  white,  not  tijipcil  with   hiaek;    uinlrriiarls.  dull 
blaek  :  tarsus,  over  1 .05.  OcenuUcs  lu-cainrus.    Wilson's  Petrel. 

See  No.  (19. 

T.ail.   th'i-iileilly   forkeil;    upptT  tail   eoverts.  white,  not    tii»pe(l   with  lihu'k;  umlerimit?, 
brownisli  hlaik  or  sooty  hiowii:  tarsus,  less  than  1.05. 

Orednodroma  hiirorhixi.     Leach's  Petrel. 

See  No,  08. 

L'nderparts,  white.  Pi'la(j<itlr<>iii<i  mitrinn.    White=faced  Petrel. 

See  >«'(».  71. 


*  For  directions  for  mc-isurenu'iit,  ^ee  iiago  y. 


FAMIIA     I'UOCKLLAKllD^E.  — SIIEAKWATEKS,    I'KTUKLS,    AND    Fl  LMAHS.         47 


I. .'  V^.-; 


stormy  I'otrel. 


LeachV  Petrel. 


•  vf', 


WilM)ii's  I'etrel. 


.m 


White-faced  Petrel. 


-.::..z.aj!li 


48 


KEY    TO    THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


*  Group  3.    Wing,  6.50  to  9.50  inches  long. 

Ipppr  i>;irts,  dark  sooty  brown  or  fxrayisli  l)lack :  un- 
(l^'i-parts,  white;  slides  of  breast,  tinged  with  iiray ;  middle 
toe  and  claw,  less  than  2  inches  long. 

l\innus  audnboni.    Audubon's  Shearwater. 

Sot-  No.  02. 

The  Manx  Shearwater,  Puffinus  ptifflnus,  a  Eniopeau 
species,  somewhat  resembles  Andubon's  Shearwater,  l»ut  it 
i.s  'artrer.  the  l)ack  darker,  the  wins:  rarely,  if  ever,  jneasnr- 

inj;  less  than  8.40  inches,  and  the  middle  toe  and  claw  2  inches  or  more.     It  is  of  accidental 

occurrence  on  our  coast. 


* 


Group  4.     Wing,  11  to  13  inches  long. 


Upper  and  under  tail  coverts,  gray  o.-  l)rowuish  fjjray  ;  breast,  white. 

I'liffiniiti  major.    Greater  Shearwater. 
See  No.  00. 
Under  tail  coverts,  gray;  upper  tail  coverts,  sooty;  l)reast,  gray. 

I'i^UnKsfulii/inu.sHs.    Sooty  Shearwater. 
See  No.  (I.'i. 

Upper  and  under  tail  coverts,  white.  ^Ustrelata  hasitata.     BIack=capped  Petrel. 

See  No.  ()4. 

Upper  tail  coverts,  pearl  gray;  under  tail  coverts,  white,  or  entire  plumage,  dark  slate 
color  (dark  phase).  Fulniarits  (ilacialin,  and  raves.     Fulmar  Petrel. 

See  Nos.  57  and  58. 


*  Group  5.     Wing,  13  to  15  inches  long. 

Upper  surface  of  tail  feathers,  dark  slaty  lu'own;  under  tail  coverts,  ash  gray  or  brownish 
gray.  Piiffimts  majur.    Greater  Shearwater. 

•  See  No.  (tO. 

Upper  snrface  of  tail  feathers,  dark  slaty  brown:    under  tail  coverts,  white,  sonietiines 
slightly  mottled  with  grayish.  Piijiniis  hurealis.    Cory's  Shearwater. 

See  No.  5i>. 

Upper  surface  of  tail  feathers,  pale  pearl  gray;  uitper  tall  coverts,  pearl  gray;  under  tail 
coverts,  white  ;  or  entire  plumage,  dark  slate  color  (dark  phase). 

Fithnarns  r/larialis.,  and  races.     Fulmar  Petrel. 

See  Nos.  57  and  58. 

*  Group  6.     Wing,   15  to  17  inches  long. 

Upper  surface  of  tail   fe     ners,  dark   slaty  brown:   under  tail  coverts,  ash  gray,  (m- 
brownish  gray.  Pnfmus  major.    Greater  Shearwater. 

See  No.  60. 

Upper  surf.ice  of  tail  feathers,  dark  slaty  brown ;  under  tail  coverts,  white;  sometimes 
slightly  mottknl  with  grayish.  Pii^finus  horealis.    Cory's  Shearwater. 

See  No.  59. 


♦  For  directions  lor  ineJisurcment,  sec  page  5). 


FAMILY    I'JiOCKLI.AUIIlJ.i:.  —  SlIEAnu  ATKKS,    I'KTUKLS,    AM)    lULMAUS.         IJJ 


^i 


\ 


\ 

I:- 


Fulmar 


•Corv's  tihearwaler. 


PuHiuui  major. 


.ludubon'a  Sliearwatcr. 


Black-capped  Petrel. 


50 


KEY    TO    THK    lUliDS    OF    KASTEKN'    XOKTII    AMEKIPA. 


ORDER  STEGAN0P0DE5. 

Gannets,  Pelicans,  Cormorants,  etc. 

Toes,  four,  all  connected  by  webs. 

FAMILY   PHAETHONTID/E. 
Tropic  Birds. 

Bill,    sharp   pointed;    chin,    feathered;    toes,   four,    all 
connected  by  webs. 

*  Group  1.     Wing,  9.50  to  13  inches  long.       m^ 


Bill,  yellowish;  jjt-neral  pluin;is;<>,  whito;  outer  \vpI»<  of  primaries  aud  lei^ser  witifjj  eoverts, 
hliic'k:  iiiiildle  uiil  feathers,  very  loiij!;;  hill,  yellow  or  |>.ile  oraiiir*":  sliafts  of  tail  feathers, 
hiack.  Phaethon  nmeriaiwi.     Yellow-billed  Tropic  Bird. 

See  Xo.  72. 

Hill,  red;  hack,  fluely  harred  with  hlaek.  liare  straf^frler,  recorded  from  Newfoutidland 
bauks.  Phaethon  wlherens.     Red-billed  Tropic  Bird. 

See  Xo.  73. 


♦  For  direi'tlons  for  ineaoiirement,  see  page  i». 


FAMir.Y    SILIIKK.  OAXNKTS.  51 

FAMILY  SULID/E 

Gannets. 

Bill,  5tout,  but  not    hooked;  chin,  bare;  neck,  thick;  2^^iE^S 
toes,  four,  ali  connected  by  webs. 

*  Group  1.     Wing,   13  to  15  inches  long. 

Head,  sooty  lirowri;  l»('ll\-    ^vhite;  feet,  yellowish  or  fjnHUii.sh,  l)ul  lu'vcr  n-tl  (adult). 

Sula  sulii.    Booby  Qannet' 

See  No.  75. 
Fle.iil,  sooty  lirowii:  liflly,  l>ro\vui-ih:  feet,  not  reil  ( lininattire). 

SuJn  sn!n.     Booby  Gannet. 

See  No.  75. 
Head,  white,  tiiij^ed  witli  hiitl ;  belly,  whit*-;  feet,  red  (adult). 

Siild  piscator.    Red-footed  Booby. 

See  No.  7G. 

*  Group  2.     Wing,   15  to  17  inches  long. 

Section  I.     Side  of  chin,  feathered;  a  narrow  strip  of  bare 
skin  down  the  middle  of  the  throat. 

Adult,  white  ht'ad,  tinged  with  bull";  primaries,  »hnk;  iinniature  birds  are  niotth>d.  gray- 
ish brown  and  white.  Sidit  h(t,'<i<a)ia.     (iannet. 

See  No.  77. 

Section  2.     Whole  of  chin  and    upper  part  of  throat,  bare 

skin  without  feathers-. 

(Jrner.il  plumage,    sooty   brown    (rarely   whitish);    underparts,  white;  feet,  greenish 

yellow,  or  pale  yellow.  Sula  sithi.    Booby  Qannet. 

See  No.  75. 

fJenerai  piumagf,  white;  feet,  red;  gular  sack,  blackish;  bare  skin  in  front  of  eye 
and  angle  of  jaw,  pink  red;  tail,  white:  immature  birds  are  grayish  brown. 

Snla  iiiscator.     Red -footed  Booby. 

See  No.  7(). 

General  i»Iinnagt',  whitf:  feet,  leaden  blue;  gular  saek,  blackish:  bare  skin  in  front  of 
eye,  bluish;  tail,  sooty  brown:  the  middle  feathers  tinged  with  hoary;  young  l»ir(ls  are 
sooty  gray.  Srila  cyanops.     Blue^faced  Booby. 

See  No.  74. 

*  Group  3.     Wing,   17  to  21  inches  long. 

Sides  of  chin,  feathered ;  a  narrow  strip  of  bare  skin  down  "'Idle  of  throat;  adults,  white; 
head  tinged  with  butt':  immature  birds,  mottled  gravish  b.own  a  d     hite.  tSnhihasmna.  Qannet.* 

See  No.  77. 

Whole  chin  and  upper  throat,  bare ;  feet,  leaden  Itlue ;  wing,  always  less  than  18.  Acci- 
dental straggler,  on  Florida  coast,  not  recorde«l  elsewhere  in  Eastern  North  America. 

Sula  cyanops.    Blue-faced  Booby  Gannet. 

See  No.  74. 


•  For  directions  for  mcaBurement,  pee  page  9. 


52 


KEY    TO    TJIK    JJIUDS    OF    EASTEUN    NOKTll    AMKKICA. 


Adult. 


Uunnet. 


Jiuiuuture. 


Booby  Gannct , 


FAMILY    ANHIN'GID.%:.  —  liSAKE.    BieiAS. 


53 


FAMILY  ANHINGID>e. 

Darters.    Snake  Birds. 

Bill,  sharp-pointed  and  slender;   chin,  bare;    neck,  long  and 
slender;  toes,  four,  all  connected  by  webs. 


Group  I.     Wing,   12.50  to  15.50  inches  long. 


Xeck.  loiitr,  suake-Iikt';  lioud  and  nock,  black  in  male:  brown  in  fpinak^:  out/»r  w*»h3  of 
two  middle  tuil  feathers,  ^Minted.*''  Anhingn  nnhinga.    S«ake  Bird.     Water  Turkey. 

^**  Xo.  78. 


♦For  directions  for  measurement,  a«e  pace  Ol 


54 


KKV    TO   TllK    BIKDS   OF   EASTKUN    NOllTII    AMEIilCA. 


FAMILY   PHALACROCORACID/E. 


Cormorants. 


Bill,  hooked  at  tip,  and  less  than  twelve  inches  long; 

-'^  5S^^«^^      bare  skin  at  base  of  bill  and  chin;  lores,  bare;  toes,  four, 
all  connected  by  webs. 


*  Group  I.     Wing,   11  to  15  inches  long. 


Tail  iMiniiMKtMl  of  foiiitfi'ii  IfatluTs. 


Phahirrocnrnxcarho.    Common  Cormorant.     ShaK. 

S«'.'  No.  7'.>. 


Tall  ooiupo,«'(l  of  twclvt'  ft'atlKTs. 

Phalurrocorn.i-  'inopfius,  mul  r<ir,s.     Double^crested  Cormorant  and  Florida  Cormorant. 

Sf«'  Xo<.  so  ami  si 


The  Mexican  ("ormoraiit,  a  siualtt-r  sjH'cie.-*,  occasionally  occurs  in  the  Mississippi  Nallcy. 


*  For  tlirectioug  for  lueasureiiifiit,  see  iia^c  9. 


FAMILY    IMIAI.Af'HOCOHAClD.E.  —  fOHMOK.ANTS. 


O.) 


al-< 


^ 


f»      •< 


I— —  ta>^<'  *  -T...  rf. 


Comuiou  Coruioiaut. 


rs-*" 


~ir.*^'"'W'5 


'^ 


Double-cresU'il  Cormorant. 


Mexican  Conuoraut. 


50 


KEY    TO    THE    HIUDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


FAHILY   PELECANID^. 

Pelicans. 

Bill,  hooked    at    tip,   over    twelve    inches    long    and    having  a    large 
pouch  ;  lores,  bare ;  toes,  four,  all  connected  by  webs. 


'3«^S!?>'i'^, 


^■¥^ 


White  rclicaii. 


*  Group  1.    Wing,  over  17  inches  long. 


(ieneral  i)lum:ij;<',  white. 


Pelecamts  cnjthrorhijnchos.    White  Pelican. 

See  No.  83. 


General  pluinii<;»>,  not  white  (colorntio?'  vin-y  Viiriable  according   to  age  and  season,  but 
never  white).  Pclecaniis  fuscus.    Brown  Pelican. 

See  T^o.  84. 


*  For  iliroctlons  for  mcasureinunt,  hoc  pago  9. 


FAMILY    PKLECANID.K.  —  PELICANS. 


57 


IJrowu  Pe.'icau. 


(ioiicral  itlumago,  variable,  aceordiuy  lo  age  and  season,  hut  nerrr  n'fnte. 

Felicamtsj'nsnis.    Brown  Pelican. 
fcjee  No.  S4. 


58 


KKY    TO    THE    BIKDS    OF    EASTEKN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


FAMILY    FREGATID>e. 

Man-of-war  Birds.    Frigate  Birds. 

Bill,  hooked  at  tip;   lores,  feathered;   upper  plumage,  entirely  black; 
toes,  four,  all  connected  by  webs ;  tail,  forked ;  wings,  very  long. 

*  Group  1.     Wing,  over  21  inches  long. 


■rf<- 


\    \ 


\ 


Entirt'  ])limia<;t',  bliu-k  (adult,  mule)  ;  general  j>lum:ige,  black;  belly,  white  {female) ;  head 
auil  ueek,  wliilisli;  hclly,  white;  rest  of  pUnnaj;:e,  black  (^immature). 

Frerjnta  aquila.    Man-of-war  Bird. 

Sey  No.  85. 


*  For  dlructiuua  fur  nieat<ureineiit,  »ce  pagi-  tt. 


FAMILY    ANATID.E.  DUCKS,    GEESE,    AND    SWANS. 


59 


fa:mtly  anatid^.. 

DICKS,    GEESE,    AND    SWANS. 
SUIiFAMILY    iAIEH(iIN.E.     IMKHCIANSEHS. 
FisH-EATiNc    Dicks    having    nakkow    hills    with    tooth-likk    serrations   ox 

KI>Gi:s;    TARSUS,    SCUTELLATK    IN    KKOXT     ( TltANSYKKSE    SCALKS). 

Group  1.     Witijj,  n.no  to  S.no  inches  loni"-.     S<M'  piigt'  (!1. 
GuOl  T  2.     Wiiio-.  S.no  to  12  iiu'ht's  loiii>-.     See  p:i<r<'  (j:{. 

SUBFAMILY    ANATIN.E.      HIVEH    AND    I'OXD    DICKS. 
Ducks    iiavino    hind    toe   without    wkll    dkveloped.   ^meaikkaneous    lobe   or 

flap;    TAliSUS,    SCUTEI.LATE    (TRANSVERSE    SCALES)     IN    FRONT. 

Group  1.  Wiuo;,  5  to  7.50  inches  lon»j.     See  pi'ge  (>.'{. 

jCjROUP  2.  Wino;,  8  to  10  inches  lon<,'.     See  p;ii?e  04. 

Section  1.     Heliy,  wliiti'.     See  page  04. 

Section  2.     Belly,  not  wiiite.     See  page  G4. 

Group  ;L  Wing,  10  to  14  inches  long.     See  page  0.5. 

Section  1.     Belly,  white,  or  tinged  with  dusky  or  gray  on  lower  part.     See  i)age  0.5. 

Section  2.     Belly,  not  white.     See  page  00. 

SUBFAMILY    FULIGULINii:.     BAY    AND    SEA    DUCKS. 
Ducks  having  a  flap  or  membraneous  lobe  on  hind  toe;  tarsi  s.  set  tellate 

(TRAN8VEI{SE    SCALES)    IN    FRONT. 

Group  1.     Wing,  5  to  0.50  inches  long.     See  page  71. 

Section  1.     'I'ail  feathers,  not  stirt  and  pointed.     See  page  71. 
Section  2.     Tail  feathers,  stitl  and  pointed.     Se(^  |>age  71. 
Group  2.     Wing,  0..50  to  7. .50  inches  long.     See  page  71. 
Section  1.     Belly,  white.     See  page  71. 
Section  2.     Belly,  not  white.     See  page  72. 
Group  3.     AVing,  7.50  to  S..50  inches  long.     See  j)age  72. 

Section  1.     Head,  with  more  or  less  white  or  brownish  white;  iielly,  white,  sometimes 

tinged  with  dusky  or  graj'  on  lower  part.     See  page  72. 
Section  2.     No  white  or  grayish  white  on  head;  belly,  while;  sometimes  tinged  with 

grayish  white  on  head.     See  page  73. 
Section  3,     Belly,  not  white.     See  page  73. 
Group  4.     Wing,  8. .50  to  10  inches  long.     See  page  74. 

Section  1.  Mind  toe,  with  (lap  or  lobe;  belly,  white,  sonietimes  tinged  on  lower  part 
with  dusky  or  gray;  head,  marked  ^cith  mure  ur  less  n-liite,  or  brownish  white.  See 
page  74. 


60  KEY   TO   THE    HIRD8    OF   EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 

Section  2.     Belly,  white,  sonietimrs  tinned  on   lower  purt  with  gray  or  dusky;  no 

white  or  grayish  white  on  head.    See  page  74. 
Section  8.     Belly,  not  white;   head,  marked  with  more   or  less  white,   or  grayish 

white.     See  page  76. 
Section  4.     Belly,  not  white ;  no  white  on  head.     See  page  77. 
Gkolt  5.     Wing,  10  to  14  inches  long.     See  page  77. 

Section  1.     Head,    with   more   ov    less  white,   or  grayish  wliite:  belly,   black.     See 

page  77. 
Section  2.     Xo  white  on  head;  belly,  black.     See  page  70. 
Section  .3.     Head,  with  more  or  less  white,  or  grayish  white;  belly,  mottled  brown, 

or  grayish  brown,  or  slaty.     See  page  70. 
Section  4.     No  white  on  head:  belly,  mottled  brown,  or  grayish  brown.     Seepage  SO. 

SUr.FAMU.Y    AXSKUINM:.     (rp:ESE. 

L0RE8,    FKATHEUKl)  ;    TAKSI  S,    KlVriCrr.A TK. 

Groit  1.     Wing.  12  to  14  inches  long.     See  page  SI. 
GuOlP  2.     W;iig,  14  to  20  inches  long.     Sec  page  SI. 

Section  1.     Head  and  neck,  black  or  blackish,  msirked  with  nion^  or  less  white;  bill 

and  feet,  black      See  page  SI. 
Section  2.     Head,  white,  sometimes  tinged  with  brownish  orange;  bill  and  I'eet,  pink 

or  rtesh  color  in  life;  yellowish  or  pale  l)ro\vnish  in  driecl  skin.     Se(^  p.tge  s;{. 
Section  :{.     Head,  brownish  or  grayish,  sometimes  marked  with  white;  bill,  pinkish; 
feet,  yellow  or  pink.     See  page  S3. 

SUBFAIMILY    CYdNIN.E.     SWANS. 

livUK     SKUX     r.KTWKKN     TIIK     r.U.I.      AND      F.VK  ;     TARSI  S,      KKTKU  LATK  ;      XKOK,     VI.HV 

lom;  ;   wiNci.   ovKK   10   inciiks   i.on<;.      See  page  84. 


FAMILY    AiNATIDE.   —  DICKS,    GEESE,    AM)    SWANS. 


61 


ORDER  ANSERES. 

Lamelli rostral  Swimmers. 
FAMILY   ANATID/E. 

Ducks,   Geese,   and   Swans. 

SUBFAMILY   MERQIN^E. 
Mergansers. 

Fish-eating   Ducks    having   narrow  bills   with  tooth°like  serrations  on 
edges,  and   the   tarsus,   scutellate   in   front. 

*  Group  1.     Wing,  from  6.50  to  8.50  inclies  long. 
Section   I.     Bill,  narrow,  with  tooth=like  serrations. 


^^a»i 


l.oiiliodyto.-  (uit'ullatvis  (male). 


I.oiilioilytes  ciu'iillalii;^ 


Head,  brownish  or  grayish;  tarsus,  less  iIimm  1. HO:  t-ifsi,  sncill  ( IVuialc  and  iminatui-e). 

Lophodt/hs  riiritlliinit^.    Hooded  Merganser. 

See  No.  88. 

Head,  with  black  and  white  crest;   tarsus,  less  than  l.r»i)  (inalc). 

Lnphudyteti  ciicidhUus,     Hooded  Herganser. 

Set!  No.  S8, 


*  For  dhc<!Uons  for  measureineiit,  nee  page  !l. 


♦52 


KEY    TO    THK    MIHDS    OF    KASTEHN    NOKTII    AMERICA. 


'ill 

Keil  Itrt'iittc'il  Merganser. 


;._., 


^ 


Male. 


Aiuerictui  McrgiinBcr. 


Feuialu, 


Male. 


Hoixlt'il  M('ijfaiit»»'r. 


Female, 


FAMILY    ANATID.K.  —  DUCK.S,    (iKK«K,    ANI>    SWAN.s. 


63 


*  Group  2.     Wing,  from  8.50  to  12  inches  long. 
Section  1.    Bill,  narrow,  with  tooth=like  serrations. 

Distiiiu'c  from  nostril  to  tip  of  hill,  less  than  1.50;  lu'.id 
and  iHH'k,  greenish  black;  uiKlciparls,  cn'Miiiy  wliilc,  tinged 
with  Siihnon  i-olor;  feet,  icd  (iiimIc). 

Meryanstr  amerii'ana .    American  Merganser.     Sheldrake. 

Se»i  No.  86. 

Distance  fi-oni  nostril  to  tip  of  hill,  less  than  1 .50  ;  head, 

rufous  brown  ;  upper  throat,  white;  feet,  orange  red  (female). 

Meriiauser  amcricana.     American  flerganser.     Sheldrake. 

See  No.  ««. 

TdP  ul  liil 
.Mergaii.-or  ainoricana. 

Distance  from  no,stril  to  tip  of  hill,  more  than  1.50;  head, 
black,  tinged  with  green;  in-east,  rufous,  streaked  witli  hlaek 
(male).  Mcrijauxir  sirrator.     Red-breasted  Herganser. 

Se(^  \o.  S7. 

^Icrganeer  ueiTator. 

Distance  from  nostril  to  tip  of  bill,  more  than  1.50;  head,  brownish,  palest  on  the 
throat;  speculum,  while  (female;.  Mrnjunscr  sirratur.     Red-breasted  Jlerganser. 

See  No.  87. 

SUBFAMILY  ANATIN/E. 
River  and  F^ond  Ducks. 

Ducks    having    hind    toe    without    membraneous 
lobe  or  flap  ;  tarsus,  scutellate  in  front. 

*  Group  I.     Wing,  5  to  7.50  inches  long. 
Section   1.     Hind  toe,  without  flap  or  lobe. 

Large  patch  pale  blue  on  wing  (coverts) ; 
white  crescent  on  face  onalr);  no  white 
crescent,  fac<>  speckled:  chin  whitish  (fe- 
male).    <'ommon  in  Eastern  Inited  States. 

An((s  dismrs.    Blue-winged  Teal. 
AnaHdiscors.  See  No.  '.)7. 

Large  patch  of  pale  blue  on  wing  i coverts) ;  head  and  hreast,  rufous  l)rowu;  crown, 


*  For  directions  for  measurement,  see  page  9. 


CA 


KKY    TO    TIIK    inUD.S    OF    KASTKIJN    NOKTir    A.MKHICA. 


hhu-kish  (iiial*) ;  sides  of  head,  speckled  (dull  while,  dotted  witli  hluek; ;  chin  and  throat, 
dusky,  tinted  with  rufous  i  female).     Weiiteru  species  rare  east  of  the  Mississippi  IJiver. 

Aittut  ryuHoptera.    Cinnamon  Teal. 

»^cc  Nil.  Us. 

No  blue  patch  on  wing;  head,  rufous  brown  with  large  patch  of  green  through  eye 

lu  nape;  speculum,  black  uud  j^reiiu  (inalej ;  iicad,  sp<'cki«;d.     "So  l»iue  patcli  on  wiiij;  (fem.ili-). 

AnfUi  carol  ineiuf  is.    Green -winged  Teal. 
See  No.  'J(j. 


*  Group  2.    Wing,  from  8  to  10  inches  long. 
Section  1.     Belly,  white;  no  flap  or  lobe  on  hind  toe. 

Head,  green,  purple.  l)lack,  aud  white:  cliiu  and  upper  throat, 
white;   Itfi,  y»'ilow  in  life  ,ni:de). 

Aij- iliion.sa.    Wood  Duck.    Summer  Duck. 

See  No.  101 . 
Head, grayish  brown  with  white 
stripe  thrniii^h  the  eye;  chin  .ind  ui>- 
per  throat,  while;  toes,  dull  yellow  in 
life  (female). 

Aix  spoHsd.    Wood  Duck. 

Summer  Duck. 

See  Xo.  101. 

Aix    f|IOIlr-;i. 

Head,  brown;  chin,  not  white;  .1  white  siri]te  t>n  sides  of  the  neck:  tail,  pointed  (niah;). 

Dujila  nintn.    Pintail  Duck. 
See  No.  KM), 


Section  2.     Belly,    not    white;    hind    toe,    without   mem= 

braneous  lobe  or  flap. 

Hill,  more  than  one  inch  wide  near  tijc  head,  green 
or  greenish  ;  speculum,  metallic  green  ;  axillas,  white; 

I'eet,  oranjj;e  itMl  in  life  (male). 

Sixttula  dijpmki.    Shoveller  Duck.    Broad-bill. 

.See  No.  9i>. 

Bill,  more  than  one  inch  wide  near  tiji;  head,  nar- 
rowly streaked  and  speckled  with  brown  and  dull  white; 
speculum,  metallic  green;  tt-i-i,  uranijn  rid  in  life;  axil- 
lars,  wliite  (female). 

Spatula  i-lypt'itn.    Shoveller  Duck.    Broad-bill. 
^-ii__-,.  -  See  No.  1^9. 

Spatula  ctyiteutii. 


'  Kor  (liivetioiiH  for  ni(':ii<urenient,  see  yiif^e  !». 


FA.MILV    ANATIM.i;.  DITKS,    OEF.SK,     AM)    SWANS. 


65 


Hill,  less  than  one  iiuli  wUW  in-ar  tip:   head,  lined  ami   speckled   with   brown  aiul 
lirowiiinh  white;  simtuIiiiii.  not  ntrtdllir  <jrnu ;  axillars,  white,  barred  with   brown;  iiiiii|) 

ami   tail   ri»veil<.    I)ni\vii.    iiailu\vl\  fdncil  ami   l-amlrd  with 
white;  I'eel.  (lu.<ky  (^leiuale). 

Dajita  ucuin.    Pintail  Duck. 
AxiUar.    Dania acuta.  Sec  No.  100. 


Kelly,  wliiti-.  with  more  or  less  brown  spots;  axillars,  white;  Itili.  itss  tliari  .'.ki 
witlf  at  witU'st  [lart  (_t'einalej,  Aikis  stri/nm.     (iadwall. 

Sff  No.  '.»:>. 

lifljy,  iiioit!  or  less  spoitcil;  throat,  whiti-:  i-iiiii|i,  olive  l»io\vii ;  sci-omlaries,  iiietallie 
fjreeii.  ti|»|MMl  willi  white;  axillars  auti  uiiik-r  win;;  «oveiH,  lit-aviiy  liarrt'd;  toes,  vfllowi^li  in 
lite  (lenialt).  Aix  >/...«>//.     Wood  Duck.    Summer  Duck. 

S.'.'  N...  101. 


*  Group  3.     Wing,  from   10  to  14  inches  long. 

Section  1.  Hind  toe,  without  membraneous  lobe  or  flap; 
belly,  white,  sometimes  faintly  tinged  with  dusky  or 
gray  on  lower  part. 


Axillars,  while :  the  shal'is.  while :  cxpo-i-d  -jpt'cidniii,  hiack 
Mini  white:  head,  tawny  brown;  cheeks  and  throat,  tawny, 
speckled  with  brown  ^^inaiei. 

Aims  St n  III  ni.     Uadwail.     Creek  Duck. 
>ee  No.  lij. 


^C 


'-'^ 


Axillars,    white;    the    shafts,    white;    head,    speckled; 

e\|io-ed  »|>efuluin,  hlaekaiid  while  (leiiialei. 

Alias  sin'iH  ra.     (jadwall.    Creek  Duck. 

Sei-  No.  Ii-J. 


Axillars,    white   with    dark    shafts;    -ipceuhnn.    ^reeii    and    lilaek;    wliite    i)atoli    on 
shoidder:  top  of  head,  white  iin.de  Ah-is  <nii>rii:ni'i.     American  Widgeon.     Baldpate. 

See   No.  ill. 


Kor  ilirections  for  iiio:ir>iireiiiciit,  .--t'e  page  !). 


H6 


KKY    TO     I'lli;    BIRDS    OF    KASTKUX    SOUTH     VMEIMCA. 


Axillars,  white  with  darlc  shafts;  no  wliiu;  sIkmiIiUt  p.-ttrli:  head,  speckled  i  liihiiU')' 

Alius  iiiiifihuHu.     American  Widi^eon.     Baldpate. 

Si'e  No.  !»». 

Axillars,  grayish  white;  head,    bruwn,  not   speckled;   -tri|M>    ol    \vhit<-   on  »i(lt>H  of 
iu'«U  :  i;iil,  |ioiiit*;<l;  middle  IVnilu'is,  loii>^  (ni.ilri.  Uujihi  <i<iitii.     Pintail  Duck. 

S.M-  \o.  100. 


Section  2.     Hind  toe,  without  membraneous   lobe  or  flap ; 

belly,  not  white. 


Speculum,  bluish  purple  edged  with  white;  head,  green  ; 

:i  wliilf  rinu'  ;ir<iiMiil  nfcU  :  hi't'M^t,  flifsliiin  ;   liclly.  <:r:ivi-'li  \vliit«*; 
fct't.  or;iii«jt'  red;  Jixilhiis,  white  (iiiiiie). 

Aii'iK  i>i,.sri,,is.     Mallard  Duck. 
Sec  No.  ^;t. 


Anas:  l)(j.-cl»aH. 


Helly,  wliite,  siiowiiii;  more  or  les-;  hi'owii  spots:  axillars,  white;  liill.  less  liiaii  .'.tO  wide 
!it  wiliest  pail;  speculum,  blaeU  and  white  (tVmalej.  Aims  strr/nru.     Gadwall. 

See  No.  'J2. 


Speculum,  bluish  purple,  edged  with  white 
and  black;  i^n-ater  winj;  eoverts,  with  l>road  hand 
ol  white;  head,  tawny  brown,  streaked  with  dark 
brown;  iieily.  pal<-  IwitV.  mottled  with  l)rown;  ieet, 
oratiiie  fell:  axillar-;,  while  (  lemale), 

Aii'is  iim^rhiis.     Mallard  Duck. 

See  No.  S'.l. 


Anas  boschas. 

Speculum,  purplish  blue;  no  white  hand  on  ;rreatei-  win;;  eoveit<:  Inad  and  throat, 
streaked:  Ihfoat,  not  Imll".  no  hlaek  spot  at  hase  of  hill:  fei-t.  olive  (-iometimes  leij)  :  axillais. 
white;  Kastern  North  America.  Anus  nbsruni.     Black  Duck.     Dusky  Duck. 

See  No.  ;i(). 

Speculum,  purplish  blue;  no  white  hand  on  greater  win;:  coverts;  head,  pale  hrown; 
upper  throat,  buff,  not  streaked;  hill,  yellowish  olive:  nail  of  l»ill  and  spot  at  hase,  hiack: 
feel,  pale  orauire  red;  axillars,  white.  I'lorida  specie-;  occasionally  ohserved  on  (iulf  coast  to 
Louisiana.  Aifis  niiriijuhi.     Florida  Black  Duck.     Florida  Dusky  Duck. 

See  No.  '.H. 


FAMILY    ANATIIJ.K.  DUCKS,    OEE^E,    XSlf   .*Wj|N*. 


61 


Ahlkk  as  ^I^.K^,A^^hK.    Male. 
\vin:iiA>  M»k<jANskk.    Kfni.'ilc. 
IJKI«  BKKA-rM'  MKI8<;ANSKI{.     MmIc. 
I!n»  Bi!F»-TKi>  Mkk<;ansku.    Feiiiiilc. 
>iiH>i>»i>  >It.K«;A>sKK.    -Mall'. 


III. 


HooDKD  MER<;AS<kER.    Female. 
Mai.i.auu  1)1  «k.    MalP. 
Mai. I. Mill  IM  CK.    Female. 

r.l.A<  K    I»l  <  K. 
KlUlMliA    IM  .  K. 


IL.  •>«!■«  ALL.    M»ie. 
fi,  <.»I'«»LL.    K«-male. 


Female. 


I 


(J8 


KKY  TO   rm:  itii:i»s  «)F  kastkkn   njumii   amkuka 


^■^^i^yi^i 


I.  (JltKKN  \\IN<;|  l>  TlAI..    M.tlc. 

J.  (.lil.K.N   \VIN(ii;l>  'I'K.AI,.      Ki'kimIiv 

:!.  I'll  I  I-  wiM.i  l>  'I'i'.Al,.    M;ili'. 

4.  Hl.rK  \vi  M.!;i>  'rKAI..    Kfiiiale. 

.).  tlNNAMON    IKAI,. 


<;.   SllKVKI.I.KK  l»l  <  K.     M.lli'. 

7.  siiovKi.i.Ki:  Dfi  K.    K<'iii:i 

>.    ri\T\tl,   iMi  k.     M;ilc. 
:>.    I'INT\II.    IMi  K.     KcIIIJllo. 
In.  \V<M>|i  IM  <  K.    >!.ilc. 


II.  \Vui»l>   I»l  I  K.     K<  ■.ii.ilr. 

IJ.  l{i:i>MI   Vl>    IM  I  k.     Mall-. 

I;!.  I{i DiiK  vi>  l>r<  k.    KiMii.'ili'. 

II.  ('  VN\  AS  »A<   K    IM  I  k.      Mak". 

1...  CANVAS  l«A<   k    I'l  I  k.      Kflll.llf. 


KA.MII.V    ANATID.i;.  — DLCKS,    (IKKSK,    AM>    SWANS. 


c:* 


AMKItir  VN  SiAl  r  rn  t  K.     M.llr.  I\.  A  MKKir  \N  ( iol.KKN  KVK  I  »l<  K.  Male.          1 1.  <  >I..'>  Si^lAW.     M.llf. 

AMIIMiAN  Si  Al  !■  I>l  I  K.     |-"tlli:il«'.  7.  A  Mlltli    VN  ( i"  >l.|i|  \  l/>  I    I  >!<  Iv.  rcilKllf.     I'.'.  <  >!.|i   Si;IA  W.     Kclii.ilf. 

I.l>^l  i:  S<  Al  !•  l»l  <  K.  S.  I'.MMCUW  •<  (;ol.l>l,N   K\  I.  I»l  <  u.  I:!.  HA'II.KVI  IN    IM<  K.     M::]i-. 

IJiMi  M  <  Kl;i>  llr<   K.      M  lit-.  '.I.  I'll   I  I  I.I     IIIAK  IM  .   K.      M.llr.  U.  1 1  A  I:  l.l.<M  I N    l»li  K.     Kflll.llf 

l!lN'.  NMKKK  l»l  «  K.     I'ciii.ilf.  111.  r.ri  I  I.I    lll.vn  Hi  c  K.     Kihi.ili'.  15.  STKLl-KK'.S  Dt'CK. 


70 


KEY    TO    TIIK    BIHDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMEKirA. 


I.    NoUTIIKH«-'    KIDKK   IM  <  K. 

•2.    AMKKHAN  KllU'.K  l»l  <  K.     M.ili'. 

;{.    AMIKIC  AN   KlUKU  Pi  «lv.     Kl'llllllc 

4.  KlN<i  KIKK.K  1)1  (K. 

5.  AMKUK  AN  SCOTKU  Dlt  K.     Mali'. 


11. 

III. 


AMKItlCAN  SrOTKKl»r<  K.     FcDialc'. 

Wiini:  \viN(iKi>  S(  ((HI!  Diu  iv.    Male. 
Wiirn;  wiMji  M  ."><  <m.i!  Itn  k.    Ki'iii.ilr 

S|  lir  .S(  IIT,  1!  I»n  K.     Male. 
Slltl'  S<  oll.lt  in  I  K.     Kciiialc. 


11.  Hi  i>i)\    In  (  K.    Malo. 
li.  Kri'in    hi  (  K.    Ki'iiialc. 
1:H.  M  v<kki>  Dri  k.    >!al<'. 
n.  .Mamu.k  Dii  k.    KciiiaU 


KAMM.V    ANATID.K. DUCKS,    GEESP:,    AM)    ISWANS. 


71 


SUBFAMILY    FULIGULIN/E. 
Bay  and  Sea  Ducks. 

Ducks  having  flap  or  membraneous  lobe  on 
hind  toe;  tarsus,  scutellate  (transverse  scales)  in 
front. 

*  Group  1.     Wing,  from  5  to  6.50  inches  long. 
Section   1.     Tail  feathers,  not  stiff  and  pointed. 


IIcjiil,  •iTcciiish  pur|)lo,  with  whito  patch  (iiialo)  ;  head, 
grayish  lirciwri  with  x^liitt-  pali'li  i  tVinalc  nr  iiiiiiiatui'*')  :  no 
(lark  stripoi  on  clit'cl;;   hill,  li's-i  than  liner  tdniths  inch  wide. 

ClttiritnihUit  uliiinhi.     Buffle=head  Duck.     Dipper  Duck. 

Set'  No.  no. 


Charitoncfta  albeola. 


Section  2.    Tail  feathers,  stiff  and  pointed. 

'I'hroal,  whitish ;  fli"t'ks,  white  nr  uhilish  ;   l)iil.  hidad,  thici'  (luartci-;  inch  or  more   wide 

h'risiiuttitrd jdiiniii'insis.     Ruddy  Duck. 
Sec  No. 

Front   of  liead,  iiicludin!;'  cheeks,  hlaek   (adnlti;  head  with   black  -^tripes  on  side  (I'eniah' 
or  ininialnre).     'rropical  species  accideiilal  in  the  linted  Slates. 

XniiKinijy  (Inminiinis.     Hasked  Duck. 
See  N'o.  \i:\. 

^  Group  2.     Wing,  from  6.50  to  7.50  inches  long. 

Section   I.     Belly,  white. 

Head,   t;i''e?ii-ih    puiple,   no   while    on    head:    hack.   I'aiied 
Idack  and  white:  speculum,  white  (male)- 

Aiiihii'i  ii^iliiiis.     Lesser  Scaup  Duck.     Blue-bill. 

See  No.  lUG. 
Aytliya  alliniH. 
Head,  hrowJiish.  a  patch  of  dull  white  at  hase  of  hill;  no  white  on  ear  coverts;  speculum, 
white  (female).  Ainhiin  <ifniis.     Lesser  Scaup  Duck.     Blue>bill. 

See  N((.  10(». 


*  ^^l^  (lii'crtioiiH  for  iiH'ii>iii»'nii'iit,  sec  |i.ii;i!  '.i. 


72  KKV    TO     THK    lUUDS    OF    EASTEUN    NORTH    AMEKICA. 

Ilfiid.  ^nc.-iiisli  iiur|.lc,  no  wliit.-  on   lif;iil;  h.u-k.  tlull  Mack :  speculum,  ^ray  (ninle). 

Aiiili^ift  rolhiris.     Ring=neck  Duck. 
Sec  No.  107. 

Il.-aii.    (lull    Itrowu.   hro\vni-1(    wliitf    at    l»ase    of  l.ill   and    l.flow    oyi' :    speculum,    gray 
(Iciii.-il,.).  A'jth'jK  ritliiifis.     Riiig=neck  Duck. 

.S'f  No.  }()7. 

Hea'l,  greenish  purple,  a  lar^^c  patch  of  wliit*' on  lia«k  of  ln-atl  (male). 

rh.trlinn.thi  <iUi,i,hi.     Buffle=headed  Duck. 

.■^t'c  \o.  110. 

Head,  daik  tii-o\vn  or  dusky,  a  patch  of  white   behind   the   eye  (on  car  coverts):  no 
whit.' or  lirowni-li  wintc  at  l)asc  of  Idll:  speculum,  white   i  female  . 

Chnritouittii  alhrnhi.     Buffle^headed  Duck. 

See  No.  110. 


Section  2.     Belly,  not  white. 


i'liuii.iiie.  variously  niaiiced  uilli  wldte.  slate-color,  and  cliestinit  (male). 

Hi.ttriotiii'is  histrlniiirvs.     Harlequin  Duck. 

See  \o.  112. 
(iener.d  iiltimai^e,  dull  lirown.  mottled  on  the  unil<T  i»;irts  (female). 

lliMnonicus  histritniiriis.     Harlequin  Duck. 

See  \o.    11-2. 
Ile.ad.  mostly  while.  <;re<'t)ish  on  lores  and  occipnl  (male). 

Eiiicniiritx  strllcri.     Stellers'  Duck. 

Se..   No.   114. 
Head,  liiilil  hrow  n  :   helly.  clear,  sooty  hrown    fem:ile). 

Enir„iutt<i  sh-lhri.     Stellers'  Duck. 
See  No.  114. 


% 


Group  3.     Wing,  from  7.50  to  8.50  inches  long. 


Section  1.  Head,  marked  with  more  or  less  white  or 
brownish  white;  belly,  white,  sometimes  tinged  with 
dusky  or  gray  on  lower  part. 


Head,  brownish  ;  .1  |iatch  of  dull  uliite  on  face  at  hase 
of  hHl-  speculum,  white  (female). 

Aiilli!i<(  iiKiriltt.    (ireater  Scaup  Duck.     Blue^bill. 

See  No.  I0."i. 

Aytliya  iiiiirilJi  neaictica. 
Specnimu.  ii-hiti\  siiiilar  to  preceding  Imt  soniewhat  sniallor  (female).     More  common  in 
the  South  Ihati  the  (Ji-eafer  Si'aiip  Duck.  A;ith>i<i  tijlhns.     LeSSer  Scaup  Duck. 

See  No.  100. 

*  Kcii-  cliroi-tioiis  for  inoasureinent,  i^ee  page  !•. 


FAMILY    ANATID.K. 1)UCK8,    GEKSE,    AND    SAVANS. 


73 


Speculum,  gray  ;  licnl  .•ind  m-ck,  hrowiiish;  fhiii  and  anterior  portion  of  lores,  lirownish 
w  iiite  or  wliitisli  ( tt-MiaJi')  ;   rt'siMiililcs  tVinaie  Ifed-liead,  lint,  is  sniallt-r. 

Aiiihijd  riiihn-is.    Ring^necked  Duck. 
Sec  Xo.  107. 

A  patch  of  white  or  grayish  white  on  the  head,  including  the  eye;  no  speculum; 

under  tail  coverts,  wiiite;  adult  males  have  the  tail  leathers  loni;-  .-uid  pointed. 

CUinijiiht  hyroKtlis.    Old  Squaw.     Long^tailed  Duck. 

See  No.  111. 

Section  2.     Belly,  white,  sometimes    tinged   on   lower  part 
with  dusky  or  gray ;  no  white  or  grayish  white  on  head. 


ileail.  Iirown;  a  distiiu-t  winj;  hand  of  white  ( female  i. 

(UduciiniiUd  rliiiHjulii  (tiniricinui.     (iolden  Eye. 

See  No,  lOS. 


(ilauciniictta  claii^'iila 
amci'icaiia. 


Head,    black,   glossed    with   green;    speculum,   white;    liack,   <ii:iyish    white,    linely 
lined  with  hiaek  (male). 

Aijtfiija  mariht.    Greater  Scaup  Duck.     Blue^bill  or  Black-head. 

See  No.  10."., 

Head,  black,  glossed  with  purple,  linely  lined    with  hIaek;   speculum,  white;  hack, 
jxrayish  while,  smaller  than  I  he  jtreeediiii;'  specie^,  hut  re^emhics  it  closely  (^male). 

A'jthiin  </,[Uiiis.     Lesser  Scaup  Duck,     [ilue-bill  or  Black-head. 

See  No.  100. 

Head,  black,  with   violet  or    bluish    gloss,  a    spot   of  \\hii*>  on  the  chin:  speculum, 
gray;  hack,  dull  hIaek  (male).  Aiith'ja  ci>ll<u-is.     Ring-necked  Duck. 

See  N-..   107. 


Section  3.     Belly,  not  white. 


rinmaee,  variously  marked   with   while,  slatt'-eoior,  and  chestnut  ;  specidum.  hluish  :  top 
of  head  .and  winjj;  covei'ts,  not  white  (.male).  nis/riniiinis  liis/riiDiirns.     Harlequin  Duck. 

See  No.   112. 

Top  of  head  and  winy-  coverts,    not    white;  jtlumai^e,  dull   Iirown.  mottled  on   the  iinder- 
parts  ffeuiale).  Ilis/n'inn'nis  liistrinnirns.     Harlequin  Duck, 

S.'c  No.  11-J. 
'!'<ip  of  head,  white;  winj;  coverts,  white;  rump,  hluish  hlack. 

E)iir,,,iittii  siilhri.    Stellers'  Duck, 

See  No.   114. 


74 


KKV  TO  Tin:   r.iiiDs  or  k\stei;n  noktii   amkkka. 

Group  4.     Wing,  8.50  to  10  inches  long. 


Section  1.  Hind  toes,  with  well  defined  membraneous  lobe 
or  flap;  belly,  white,  sometimes  tinged  on  lower  part 
with  dusky  or  gray;  head,  marked  with  more  or  less 
white,  or  brownish  white. 


Head,  brownish  ;   ,i  jiatdi  nt   iliili  whitf  on   tuc'  :ii  tiusc  ni' 
liill :   ^pi'i'iilmii.  wliilc     rfin.ilc   . 

Aiithijii  iii'irihi.     (ireater  Scaup  Duck. 
Blue  bill.     Blackhead. 

Sfi-  \...  i():>. 


A  \  tin  M  iiiiirilii. 


Head  and  neck,  dark  glossy  jrreen  ;   ;i  iif.-irly  nuiinl  icitcli  dl'  whiii'  im  clifck  nt  Im^f 
ol  liill:  Icirk.  Iihick:  -ipfculiini.  wliilf  iiiiiilt'). 

(ihiuriinirttd  rhni'jii/'i  iiiiicririnKi.     American  Golden  Kye.     Whistler, 

Sc.'  \(>.  Ids. 

Head,  bluish  black,  or  purplish  blue;   .in  irrciriilni-  wliitc  juiicli  <mi  clicck  .u  h:i<('  ot 
Itill  (m:il«M.  (;iiiurii,)iiitii  ishniiiifii.    Barrow's  (iolden  Kye. 

Scr  \().    lO'.t. 

Top  of  head,  iTown;   sides  of  head,  brownish  white;   speculum,  gray  ;   hill,  iniiii' 

tliaii  tint'  :iiitl  .-i  (|u;ir  cr  iiiflics  l(>ii<>'  ( tViuiilo)-  Aiitlnht  niiicriciiiKi.     Red=headed  Duck. 

Sc.'  \(i.  !();{. 

Hill.  iK'i  over  l.-J.")  luim:  a  patch  of  white,  or  grayish  white,  on  the  head,  including 

the  eye;    im  spciiiluiii :   iiiidcf  tail  invfrl.  while:   atlitli  iiiali-  ha\i' the  tail  Ifaihi'is  Iniii;  .ind 
poimcil.  ('laiHjtiIii  /iiji  ),i<(lis.    Old  Squaw.     Long-tailed  Duck. 

Sec  No.   111. 

Section  2.  Hind  toe,  with  well  defined  membraneous  lobe 
or  flap  ;  belly,  white,  sometimes  tinged  on  lower  part 
with  dusky  or  gray,  no  white,  or  grayish  white,  on 
head. 


Head,  black,  i;lo--i('(l  with  "rrccii :  hack.  i;iavish  whitf.  lincly 
liiii'il  with  Itlai'k:   speculum,  white  (lualiM. 

A'jtiKia  iiKirii'i.    Greater  Scaup  [)uck. 
Blue-'bili.    Black-head. 

Soc  No.  lo.j. 


.\vtliv;i  ULirUa  iintictica. 


*  Kor  illri'Clioiis  for  iiRaMirciiu-iil,  m'c  \>:iin'  !). 


FAMILY     AXATID.K.  —  DUCKiS,    (iKKSK,    AN1>    SWANS. 


?:» 


a 


■s 


3 
G 

■3 


7(i 


KKV    TO    TUK    HIUDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


Head,  cinnamon  brown;  iiii|ici-  Inciist  mid  li.ick.  ;i-liy  iiriiy,  imi  ImitciI;  s|n'(iilmn. 
wliiti'  (fViiiMlf  1  :  Very  simil.ir  lo  Icmnlc  Uiirmw's  (Joldni  Kyc  luit  sli>i-lilly  siii.-ilh'i-.  imicli 
iMorc  <'nniiiinii  tli:in  the  ii»'\t  <itccics,  on  tin-  All;iiitic  i'(t;isl. 

liliiHi-iiDti  (ta  riiiiiiiiila  iiiiii  ricinid.     American  (iolden  Eye.     Whistler. 

Si'c  No.  Ids. 

Head,  cinnamon  brown;   uiumt   l>ri';i»i    iuid  .Imi'k,   ;isliy  <ii';iy.  imt    li.irrcd;    siiccmIiiiii, 

wliilf  (  rcniiilf)  ;  Vi-ry  siinihir  lo  in-cccdini;  spcfit'^,  Iml  slij.<,iitly  InrirtT. 

aiuuriiniiKii  islandlc".     Barrow's  Golden  Eye. 

Sff  No.  Id!). 

/ 
/ 

Head,    rufous    brown;    crown.    l)l;i(l<i<li :    breast,    blacl< ; 

lower  l>:i('k,  \\A\y  whih',  liiifly  lined  witli   l)l:ick  (inMliO  :   liill.  very 
dirti'itMit  from  that  <d"  IJcd-lic-id.     (S-^i'  i-iit."* 

Aijlhija  rollitoicriii.     Canvas=back  Duck. 
S.'c  No.  101. 

Aylliy,!  v;illi>iicii;i. 

Head,  neclv,  and  upper  breast,  dull  cinnamon  brown,  i),il('st  on  tliro.ii  :  lower  luick. 
dnll  lirow  II.  harrt'd  w  iili  liiii".  w  a\  y.  w  liitf  lines  (  I  em  ale  ;  ea  -ily  dislinunislied  liy  <lia|ie  of  bill. 
(See  cut.)  A'lt/t'iii  ri(llis)in-i<(.     Canvas=back  Duck. 

See  .No.  101. 
/ 

Head,   reddish   brown;    crown,    not    Idackisli;    In-east,    Id.ack : 
lower  li.'ick.  irrayisli.  tinely  lined  with  black  (male);    Inll,  very  dilVer- 
oiit  from  tliat  (d'  ( 'anva--back.     (.S<'e  cut.) 
>•-  Aijthijii  >im('rii-(t)i<i.     Red-headed  Duck. 

See  No.  10:{. 

Aytliya  MiiH'ricaii.'*. 

Section  3.  Hind  toe,  with  well  defined  membraneous  lobe 
or  flap;  belly,  not  white;  more  or  less  white,  or  jj:ray= 
ish  white,  on  head. 


General  plumaji:e,  black  ;  a  jtatcli  of  wliite  on  front  i>f  crown 
and  na|M':  liill.  laii;e.  marked  with  oraii<;e.  red,  black,  and  while; 
no  white  on  w  itiiis  (male). 

(ilili  uilit  iirrsi,i'-illiil<i.     Surf  Scoter.     Skunk-head  Coot. 

See  No.   l-_'l. 


(ieneral  plumage,  brown;    i">j>  >•'  head  and  wind's,  dark;  a  spot  of  dull  white  at  h.ase  of 
bill  and  lieliindeye;   no  while  on  winii's  (  female). 

OiiJimiii  prfsiiirillii/it.     Surf  Scoter.     Skunk^head  Coot. 

:«ee  No.  1-21 

'rop  and  sides  ,\{  head,  white;    a   ])alch  o|    ^eeenish   in   fi-ont    ot   eye:   liiroat,   black;    all 
wing  coverts,  white  .  male;.  Kuicnnitin  sttliiri.     Steiiers'  Duck.     Stellers'  Eider. 

See  No.  111. 


FAMILY    ANATID.i;.  Dl  CKS,    CKKSH,     AM)    SW  ANS.  77 

Section  4.     Hind  toe,  with  well  defined  membraneous  lobe 
or  flap;  belly,  not  white;  no  white  on  head. 


Axill.irs,  brown;  st'ivmdnrit's,  wliilf.  loniiiiii;'  .-i  w  li'm- w  iiifi 
p.itcli;  ii|i|MT  |i.irl -.  dark  Itniwii;  iimiI«'ii>;hMs.  sonicliiiH-;  ln'uwii, 
SdiiK'tiiiics  iii'ay i-ili     IViiialc   . 

Oiii, mill  (hiiliniiii.     WhitC'winjjeil  Scoter. 
White-winded  Coot. 
Sfc  No.  1-J(I. 


*  Group  5.     Wing,   10  to   14  inches  long. 

Section  1.  Hind  toe,  with  well  defined  membraneous  lobe 
or  flap ;  head,  with  more  or  less  white,  or  grayish 
white;  belly,  black.  / 

General   plumage,   black;    speculum,   white;    spot   imdcr 
I'jT,  wlnlc;  axillai's,  Idaik  :   hill,  oraiiuc  at  liasc  iinalc   . 

Oidi  milt  (lr,;l<iiiili.    White-winged  Scoter. 
White^winged  Coot  = 

Sec  No.   I-J(».  oiiliinia  lU'uhiiidi. 

Cienera!   plumage,   black;    licad,  Idai'k,   with   pahdi  of   wldic  on  <towii  and   iia|if.  no 
white  on  wing  ;  a\illar<.  hlarl; ;  hill,  oraiiiit',  hhick.  and  wldtc  (male). 

Oidcmia  porxpirillata.     Surf  Scoter.     Skunk=head  Coot. 

See  No.  121. 


Itir.-siT'.-.  Killer  DmU. 
SoiiiMtfii.i  ciressfii. 


NiirtluTii  KiiU'r  Duck. 
Siiiiiatrri.i   lioifalN. 


Top  of  head,   black,  dividrd  on  trown;  more  or  less  green  on  head  ;  ilnoai,  whitf; 
axillais.  wliitc:   hill,  enhncn.  di\id('il  and  ronndrd  al   hasc  i  nialc).      iSn-  cut  of  liijl.) 

Sniiinin-i'i  ilrrssri-i.    American  Eider  Duck. 

►See  iNio.  1  Iti. 


*  h'l'i   iliii'ctiDiis  for  iiii'asiiri'imnl,  >L'e  page  '.i, 


78 


KKV    TO    TIIK    IMUDS    <»l      KASTKKN    NOIITII    AMKIMCA. 


12^ 


Labrador  or  I'ieil  Duckb. 

('ami)liil:t'iiHi>  I'ltinidiiriii-). 

Koniifrlv  iKit   iiiHniMiMuii  i)!i  tli»^  Atliliitic  coar-t.     I'loltalily   imw  cvtiint. 

See  No.  118. 


FAMILY    ANATIh.i:.  —  MITKS,    OEKSK.    AM)    SWANS. 


::> 


lop  of  head,  black,  .livi.i.-.i  ,,i,  ,i-.n\ii;  more  or  less  ^reen  ,,\i  Ii.miI;  tlnu.it,   whit*-; 
.■ixiil:ii>,  while;  inliiit-u,  dividftl  and  i.wiiii.-il  at  Itasi- (nialf).     i  S..- ciii  of  hill. 

Snmiitirin  ln,r,<('i.s.     (ireenland  Hider  Duck. 

St'f  \().  II.-,. 

Top  of  head,  slate  color;  .•h.-.-k^. -.•.■.•„i.h  :  ilin.ai,  ul.ii..,  uin,  i.n-..,  l.la.U.  V-shaped 
'"^'"'*  ""•■'''•'•  Sun„i!rri.>  >i,rr/„i,ihs.     King  Klder  Ouck. 

Sec  No.  117. 


Section  2.     Hind  toe,  with  well  defined  membraneous  lobe 
or  flap;  no  white  on  head;  belly,  black. 

General  plumage,  black;  axillir-,  hiack :  no  ul,it ,  uinjr; 

I'iil.  oiaiii:.-   at  l.a-.-:    l.-aih.-r^  on    l.ill,  nioii-   than   (.ik    liall    iiirh 
lioin  iio-tril  ,  nialcj. 

(Hdi  mill  iiDn  rirnihi.     American  Scoter. 
Eilack  Coot. 
Butter=bill  Coot. 
Set"  No.  US. 


Section  3.  Hind  toe,  witl.  well  defined  membraneous  lobe 
or  flap;  head,  marked  with  more  or  less  white,  or 
grayish  white;  belly,  mottled  brown,  or  grayish  brown, 
or  slaty. 


(ieneral  plumage,  brownish;  no  wliii.-  ..n  wini;:  feather* 
on  bill,  more  than  one  half  inch  from  nostril  I. malt-  and  in- 
niainrc). 

O/ih'iiii'i  (iim ri<;i„,f.     American  Scoter. 
Butter  bill  Coot. 

Si'c  \o.   I  is. 


<  >iili'iiii.i  .niu'riciii.i. 


General  plumage,  grayish  brown  ;  speculum,  white  ;  feathers  on  bill,  less  than  one 
half  inch  from  nostril  (  Imialf  ami  imnianni'  . 

Oidi  mia  ih-iilnicV.     \\'hite=winged  Scoter.     White-winged  Coot. 

Sft'  No.  liid. 

(ieneral  plumage,  grayish  brown  :   t<'athfr<  rxirndinu,'  on  npjM'r  part  of  hill  nioi-c  than  on 
llif  siiit'<;  no  while  on  u  ini^ ;  feathers  on  bill,  less  than  one  half  inch  from  nostril  i  Icniajf). 

Ouleiiiiif  jfrsjiirllliit'i.     Surf  Scoter.     Sku'/k=head  Coot. 

.See  No.  121. 


80 


KKY     TO     rilK    I'.IUnS    (>!•■    KASTKUN    XOirill    AMKKKA. 


Section  4.  Hind  toe,  with  well  defined  membraneous  lobe 
or  flap;  no  white  on  head;  belly,  mottled  brown,  or 
j^rayish  brown. 


Cjeneral  plumage,  brownish;  no  wliitt-  <>n  wiiiir-:  axillars, 
black  ;  feathers  on  the  bill,  mure  than  one  half  inch  from 
nostril  (, female). 

Oiilntiia  iimcrii'iniii.     American  Scoter. 
Butter-bill  Coot. 
Gray  Coot. 
S»H'  \(».  lis. 


TTt'ad.  (l.ii-k  brown  oi-  lilacU:  feathers  on  bill,  less  than  one  half  inch  from  nostril ; 
axillars,  black;  no  white  on  win^s  (iniMiaiun'  inalt>). 

Okkinin  iiirsitifiii,it,i.    Surf  Scoter.    Skunk-head  Coot. 

See  No.  121. 

A  pati'h  of  wiiitc  on  tlu' \viiij;s ;  hack  and  ii|>[M'r  part-s.  <laik  l)ri»\vii:  Icatiiers  on  tiic  liasc; 
0I  l>i[l,  t'xtt'udinu  to  witliin  one  lialf  indi  of  nostril  ffcnialc). 

Okhini'i  <ii:jl-nuli.    White-winged  Scoter. 

Sff  No.   iL'O. 

Head,  tawny,  streakcil  wiili  lii'own  :  axillars,  white,  or  grayish  white  ;  tliroat,  sircakcd  ; 
feathers  on  bill,  within  one  fourth  inch  from  nostril ;  decided  difference  in  bill  from 
nt'xt  spc(.-it's  (IVmalf).     (.See  cut.)     Kastcrn  North  Amt'ric;i. 

Sovnoteriii  tfnxsm'.     American  Eider  Duck. 

Sec  No.  lit;. 

Head,  tawny,  streaked  witii  hi-oun;  .ixillars.  white,  or  grayish  white;  throat, 
^ti-fakt'tl:  tV'athci's  on  hill,  within  one  fourth  inch  from  nostril ;  decided  difference  in  bill 

from  piVL'C»liii«^  spticies  (tVmah').     (Set'  out.)     Kastt'iii  N'ortii  Amt-rii-a. 

iiomaterHi  i>,>n:'ilis.    Northern  Eider  Duck. 

.Sff  No.  1 1."). 

Head,  tawny,  streaked  with  in-own:  .•ixillar-.  white,  or  grayish  white; -throat,  imi 
Ptnaktd  :  feathers  on  bill,  more  than  one  fourth  inch  from  nostril  (f.  mah). 

^omati  ria  mi'-xttibilis.     King  Eider  Duck. 

iSee  >iu.  117. 


FAMILY    A.N.VTIU.I..  l)L(  R.'*,    «;fcK>K,    AM»    *WA.%>*.  Hi 

SUBFAMILY    AN5ERINVE. 
Qeese. 

Loi-es,  feathered  ;  tarsus,  reticulate. 

*  Group  I.     Wing,   12  to  14  inches  long. 

Kill  :ttj<l  fi-ct  Itlack:  head  and  neck,  black  ;  sides  of  neck    not  front  ,  mottled  with 

«v'hite  ;  ii<*  >|><-i-iiluiii ;  lower  breast,  grayish  ;  ii<>  u  liirr-  -•n  ii'-ft. 

hr-ift't  ft-ruirhi.     Brant. 

>«^-    \m.     \'.i'l. 

Head  and  neck,  black;  front  and  sides  of  neck,  mottled  with  white;    ■•>  >|k-4-uIiiiii: 
lower  breast,  dark,  not  pale  ^ray  ;  ii<>  uhiii-  <>ti  lu:i<t. 

fif'tmU'i  miiyrirnu^.    Black  Brant. 
S»*  Xo.  \x\. 

A  patch  of  white  on  side  of  head,  .xttnilinu  t'.  chnRit:  r«— i  mI  \v^A  :<ii-I  neck,  black. 
Wf-UTu  Initt'tl  Stales,  rarely  to  Wiseuii<iii.        li' rni'hi  .-.^n, /»/»•*>:»  •mJniiMtt-i.    Cackling  Goose. 

rs^  \...  I.JI. 

*  Group  2,     Wing,  from   14  to  20  inches  long. 

Section   1.     Head  and  neck,  black  or  blackish,  marked  with 
more  or  less  white  ;  bill  and  feet,  black. 

Head  and  neck,  black  ;  a  patch  of  white  on  each  cheek.  *-\t*-xf\\tf^  u*  iiy\t*-r  thro.u  ; 
no  w  liite  <tri  in'i'k.  Ih-'t»t't  '-'fMrt't".**'* 'ifi  r-i^'*.    Canada  (ioose. 


Head  and  neck,  black;   side  {ii"t  fmut    of  neck,  speckkrd  with  white;    iipiHi-  Ih-IIv. 

wliiii-li.     <  uiiimuii  I'll  Allaiitic  *na»t.  .',v  j  „./'*//,« /'/.     Brant. 

s*^  \.i.  i:{-j. 

Head  and  neck,  black;   side  and  front  of   neck,  spexkled  with  white;  ii|>|>»-r  i>»'lly. 
irrayi-li  liKjwii.     Ifaie  on  .\i  jaiilie  loa^t.  D-  •   '  ■  fftrir^ion.     Black  Brant. 

X'.-  \o.   l.'U. 

Face  and  upper  breast,  white;  lures,   hlaek:    »>aik  «•<   h*-  k.     Kiiro|i«Mii  s|)ecie!* 

ij>cca.»i<>ua]ly  luuinl  uM  our  eoasi,  Br'  ;.*'*.     Barnacle  Cioose. 

Sc^  \<>.  I.i4. 


*  hiif  ilirections  tor  iiieui^urfment,  -»-c  p-k^e  'f 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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82 


KKV    TO   rm:  ijii:i>s  ok  kastkijn  noktii   amkijica. 


^•tWB*! 


Snow  Goose. 


Bniiit. 


Hliitk  Krant. 


White  frouted  Goouc. 


FAMFLV    ANA'ni).!..  KICKS,    (iKKSK,     AXI»    SWANS  SH 

Section  2.     Bill  and  feet,  pink  or  flesh  color  in   life;   head, 
white,   sometimes  tinged  with  brownish  orange. 

Entire  plumajce,  white;  primaries,  black;  sm.ill.r  ili;m   C  h.  ninths;  l.ill.  over  l.KO; 

tarsus,  ovt-r  -i.so;  nii.idle  toe,  ovt-r  2.10  (adult).     Cliiflly  I'.uilU-  f<>a>t    l<>  M\<<U<\\>\>]  \;illi-y, 
rare  on  Atlaut'u'  i-oast.  Clifn  lii/jirrhorcn.     Lesser  Snow  (ioose. 

Sec  No.  lL>l. 

Entire  plumag;e,  white;  primaries,  hiack ;   resiMiililt's  i»rei-e<liii>;  spt-oies  Imt   i-;  lariror 
(adult).     Eastern  North  Aiueriea,  soiuli  in  wiiilir  on  Ailaiilic  coa^t  to  I  lorida  and  <  ulia. 

♦  //( ;/  luijii  rhnmi  iiiriilis.    Jreater  Snow  (ioose. 

See  \o.   Il'.'i. 

Haek,  slaty  l>ro\vii:  iM-lly  and  rump,  gray  ;  the  fealhiis.  not  iiaind:  terminal  half  of  tail, 
not  white  (adult).  Cln  u  ruriilLirfnn.     Itlue  (ioose. 

See  No.  I2«;. 


Section    3.      Bill,     pinkish ;    feet,    yellow    or    pink ;    head, 
brownish  or  grayish,  sometimes  marked  with  white. 

Forehead  and  feathers  at  base  of  bill,  white;  nail  of  bill  i unguis  ,  whitish;  iiill, 
yellowish  in  «lried  skiu;  l»reast,  <j;rayish,  more  or  less  marked  or  spotted  witli  IdaeU  i  adnll  i. 

Ans<  r  (tlhi/i'uiis  ijitiiiiirli.    American  White  Fronted  (ioose. 

>fe  No.  12S. 

No  white  on  forehead  or  hase  of  hill ;  liill.  yellowish  in  drit>d  skin  :   nail  of  bill    unguis  , 

dusky  ;  runip,  slaty  lirown:  winj;  eo\rrl».  ediicd  witii  white    imniatun' i. 

Anmr  aVtifmua  ijniuhdi.     American  White  Fronted  (ioose. 

.S-e  No.  12S. 

General  plumage,  grayish;  rump,  white;  -Miiiili-r  than  ''.  h.  ni'-nlis;  hill,  over  l.'.to: 
tar-iUs.  o\er-_».S(»;  middle  toe,  over '2.10  ('"•"'"'"''■  •  'liii'Mv  I'acilic  foa»l  lo  Mississippi  N'alley: 
ran- on  Atlaniif  eoa-i .  '7k//  li;tjii  rhnn  ^i.     Lesser  Snow  (ioose. 

s.'.-  No.  121. 

(Jeneral  plumage,  grayish;  rump,  white;  larirer  th.in  tiinifis.  imujainn')-  Kastern 
North  .Vmcriea,  south  in  uinlcr  to  Kloiida  and  <  ulia. 

Chi  n  liijiterhitrea    nirnlis    (ireater  Snow  (ioose. 

See  No.  IJ.'t. 

Head,  brownish  gray  ;  chin,  white;  rump,  gray;  >ini;uis  ^uail  of  l»ill),  yellow;  «iug 
coverts,  <jrayish,  showing  very  little  white  on  the  edj^e  of  the  f"atherrt  (innnatureK 

Chen  civrnhnn'iis.    Blue  (ioose. 

See  No.  12«i. 


84 


KEY    TO    TIIK    HIHDS    OF    KASTKKN    XOIJTII    AMEIMCA. 


SUBFAMILY   CYQNIN/E. 
Swans. 


Bare  skin,  between  the  bill  and  eye ;  tarsus,  reticulate ;  neck,  very  long ; 
wing,  over  19  inches  long. 

General  plumage,  white;  bill,  black  wilh  yi'llow  spoi  (adult);  distance  from  tip  of  bill 
to  nostril,  Ifss  tlian  distance  from  nostril  to  eye  (immature  birds  are  jjray  or  brownisb  irray). 
Conunon  on  some  purt!<  of  the  coast.  Olnr  cnlnmhinnnti.     Whistling  Swan. 

See  No.  \'M\. 

Oeneral  plumage,  white;  bill,  black,  showinj;;  no  yellow;  distam-e  from  tip  of  bill  lo 
nostril,  more  than  distance  from  nostril  to  eye.  ("hielly  found  in  the  interior  ot  North  America  ; 
not  connnon  on  the  coast.  Olor  hucciun/or.    Trumpeter  Swan. 

See  Xp.  1;17. 


Olor  columbianuH. 

General  plumage,  gray,  or  brownish  gray;  birds  this  description  may  be  the 
yourijrof  either  of  the  a»)ove  species,  the  difference  in  the  distance  from  the  bill  to  the  eye 
beinjj  characteristic  as  io  the  old  birds. 


FAMILY    I'lKENICOPTKUlD.K.  —  FLAMINiiOKS. 


85 


FAHILY   PHCENICOPTERID/C. 

Flamingoes. 

Lar^e,  tall  birds,  usually  red  or  pink;  bill,  very  much  bent,  with  tooth- 
like serrations  on  edge. 

Wing,  over  17  inches  long  (carpus  to  tip). 


Genenil  plumug*!,  nnl  or  pluk:  ueek  aud  legs,  loug;  bil!,  much  l>ent  with  tooth-like  scini- 
tions  ou  edge.  Phtenicopterns  rii/xr.    Flamingo. 

See  No.  138. 

A  fow  Flamingoos  iirc  still  fouml  in  oxtronic  southern  Floriila.  The  spcclcH  in  rominon  in 
tht>  Htihiiiiiii  IhIuikIh. 


so 


KKV    TO    TIIK    IWHDS    (>F    KASTKI:.\    NOUTli    AMKIMCA. 


FAHILY   PLATALEID/E. 

Spoonbills. 


Bill,  wide  and  flat  at  the  end  ;  toes,  four,  all  on  same  level. 


Wing,   13  to  17  inches  long. 


Itill,  flat,  wUleiied  aiul  roiUKU'tl  at  tip;  jjeuoral  pUunaj^o,  pink  and  wiiite. 

Ajdj'f  ojajii.    Roseate  Spoonbill. 
See  N«>.  l;r.». 

Tin-   S|»(»oiiliill  may  Ih"  loatlily  n'c'<><;ni/.« d  liy  its  pcruliar  l)ill.     Allli()iif;li  l»y  no   means 
common,  it  siill  oirnrs  in  some  numiuTs  in  tlie  swamps  of  soutliern  Klorida. 


FAMILY    IlUIHDvK.  —  IIWSKS. 


87 


FAMILY     IBIDID/E. 

Ibises. 

Bill,  long,  rather  slender,  and  decidedly  curved  downward ;  tarsus, 
always  less  than  five  inches  long;  toes,  four,  all  on  the  same  level,  no  comb- 
like ed^e  on  side  of  middle  toe  nail ;    wing,  from  8.50  to  13  inches  long. 

Vviiig,  less  than   10.50  inches  long. 

(it'iipnil  plmii.iiro.  |)iir|>li<li  clK'stmit.  sliowiiiy;  pinplish  icil(>(  linn-  mi  licul,  miil  lirociii^h 
nti  \viii;:s:  ;i\ill;irs  ;iiiil  iiiiil<'i-  witiiT  ctivcits,  iiiir|tli<li  linm/r:  feathers,  bordering  base  of 
bill,  whitish.  I*li  iimlis  iiinirmni.i.     White-=faced  (ilossy  Ibis. 

(i*>iici-;il  |iliiiii:i<;c,  tl.irk  eht'stiuit  ;  feathers,  at  base  of  bill,  not  white. 

IHiijmlin  iiniiiniii'ilis.     (ilossy  ibis. 

St'.'  \...  I  12. 


(JpiHTiil  |tIuin:i«io,  whito;  priin!irl«>s,  blackish  (adult).  Ouuvi  "li"(.     White  Ibis. 

S.r  No.  1  Id. 

(J<'tn'r:il  plimi.iii'''.  l>ro\vnis',>  or  ^r.iyisli,  oft»Mi  more  or  loss  mixt'd  lirowii.  jini.v  mikI  wliitr; 
rump,  white  (^iiuniature).  <;wir<t  nVxt.     White  ibis. 

S»M>  No.  1 1(». 

Geiienil  pluiM;i<r<',  soarlct.     Tli"  youiis;  Soarit't  Ibis  soinowhnt  n'soinl)I«'s  tb«'  yoiiiiii  ^^  liilc 
Ibis,  but  dlllors  in  bavliiii  tin-  ruiii])  not  wliit*'.  (innrn  ruhrn.    Scarlet  Ibis. 

S«M'  No.  111. 


88 


KEY   TO   TIIK    IHKDS    OF    EASTKKX    XOKTII    .\>IEUICA. 


FAMILY   CICONIID/E. 

Storks  and  Wood  Ibises. 

Greater  part  of  plumage,  white;  bill,  rounded  and  somewhat  curved, 
very  thick  and  stronjf ;  tarsus,  always  over  5  inches  long;  toes,  four,  all 
on  same  level ;    no  comb-like  ed^e  on  inner  side  of  middle  toe  nail. 

Wing,   17  to  19  inches  long. 


<;<»iM-r.Ml  |)lutn:ii<:<>,  wliito;  the  wings  and  tail,  more  or  le??  ltl:n-k:  ndult  birds  liMVf  ilit- 
head  lieire.  TiHtUihis  hnaihitcr.     Wood  Ibis. 

See  No.  144. 


FAMILY    AKI>Kil>.K.  IIKKONS,    KiJUKTS,    AND    UIIIKKNS. 


89 


FAMILY   ARDEID/E. 

Herons,  Egrets,  and  Bitterns. 

Bill,  nearly  strai]j:ht  and  sharply  pointed  ;  inner  side  of  middle  toe  nail, 
with  distinct  comb-like  edj^e ;  toes,  four,  all  on  same  level.  Bitterns,  tail 
with  ten   feathers.     Herons,  tail  with  twelve  feathers. 

*  Group   I.     Wing,  less  than  6  inches  long. 


I^ra-l  r.iltfrn. 

Uii(l*>r|i:ii-ts  ;iii(l  sides  of  the  head  and  throat,  buff  white;  u  Mack  p.-iidi  on  "M"*:  of 
th.'  Im-ast.  Arilittii  i-xilis.     Least  Bittern. 

Set"  No.  1  |(i. 

I'lKlorpui-ts  and  sides  of  the  head  and  throat,  rufous  chestnut;   iiiulcr  tail  covfrti, 
dull  )>liick.  Anh'Ua  npoxenn.    Cory's  Least  Bittern. 

St'c  No.  147. 


*  For  illrei-tioiw  («>r  BieaLrarruM-ut,  eet;  piiKU  !>• 


IM) 


KKV    TO    TIIK    niKDS    OK    KASTKliN    NOUTII    A.MKKIOA. 


*  Group  2.     Wing,  6  to  7.50  inches  long:. 


Crown,  !»T«*nir*li  or  ^n^'nish  l)luclv;  legs,  oiuugc  yellow  in  liff. 

Ardi'ii  rfrfsrcnu.    Oreen  Heron. 
See  N'«».  l"»s. 


*  Group  3.    Wing,  8.50  to  1 1  inches  long. 


Gn'atPf  i»:irt  of  plumage,  slaty  blue:  belly,  slaty  blue;  head.  tin«rtMl  witli  j»iirplii5h  brown 
(adult).  Ardm  cnrnhn.    Little  Blue  Heron. 

S«!H  X<».  157. 


•  For  directioim  lor  meJiBurenient,  Bee  page  9. 


FAMILY    .\i:i)Kir)/K.  IIKKONS,     KlMJKTS,     \M>    HHTKI{NS. 


!»1 


Gfiipr.-tl  ptiiiiij;;«>.  uliitr;  tipj(  of   primaries,  tinned   with   slaty    hlue  ;  l<';r-.   \»II<'w'hIi 
olive  liiiiiiiatiin;;.  A,<l>'i  r.i riil..i.     Little  Blue  Heron. 

fH-f  S>>.  l.'>7. 


(Jeneral  pliiin:ii»'.  \vliit«':  ••ml-  <>f  prima- 
rioa,  not  tl-iirfil  wiih  slaty  Ithic:  lejjs,  black; 
fe«'t,  y«'llow. 

Arihii  eiintliilhshini.    Snowy  Heron. 
Snowy  Egret. 
Sp.'  To.  inj. 


Lonlsinna  Horon. 

Back,  ashy  gray:  priinari«'rJ.  slaty  jjray:  belly  and  sides,  white. 

Ai-ih'ii  trill, li,r  fiirirnllis.     Louisiana  Heron, 

S«'«'  Nt».  l.">(>. 


98 


KKV   TO   THK    IIIKMS    t}V    KASTKHN    NfUJTir    AMKIMPA. 


♦  Jni.T.il  hIuiii.il;-.',  tawny  brown,  mottled  .nnl  stn-.-ikt'd  willnlnrU  l>ii>\vii;  ii|i|M'r  *iirf.iro  of 
piiiii.iiics,  blackish.  liotnvnis  Ifiitiiiiimsiis.     American  liittern. 

See  No.  1  l.'i. 


liill,  l:ii«;f';  top  of  head,  blacic;  luick, 

jrn-cii  C;l(lult). 

Xilflifiii'iiy  jijir/irni'ii.i'  )iiiriu>i. 

NiKht  Heron. 

See  No.  ir>!). 

Hill,  l.ii-;r<':  top  of  head,  white  or  whit- 
ish ;   l);ick.  not  urct'ii  (;iiliill). 
Niivliriit'iii'  ridhircirK. 

Yellow-crowned  Night  Heron. 

Set'  \o,  TOO. 

Bill.  liir'To ;  jioiH'r;!!    i)liiin:i«;(',    iiiotth'd, 
iiiid  strcMki'd  Iirowii  .'ind  wliilf;  oiitiT  cdiic 
C)f  i»riiii;irit's,  rcddisli  lirowii  (iiniiintun'). 
Nti<'l!i'iir<i.i'  iiijrilriirnx  inrrius. 

Night  Heron. 
Sec  Xo.  l.")',). 

Bill,    Inrire;  <;eiier:d   |»luin:ij;e,    mottled 
and  streaked  brown  and  white;    primaries, 
slaty  brown  (immature). 
Xyitimrdx  vioJareuK. 

Yellow-crowned  Night  Heron. 
tSee  }\o.  100. 


FA.MII,\     AKDKIIJ.K.  —  IIKIiO.N.H,    KtiUKTM,    \SU   liriTEl:>N. 


9;; 


*  Group  4.     Wing,  11  to  15  inches  long. 

BUI,  fltoiit;  top  «>f  tli«!  hruil,  black;  l»ack,  dark  firtfti  (ailult  . 

\ytirifntf  mifrtirt,rtt/  tfrrhin.     Ni]cht  Meron. 

S«^  X.>.  I.V.I.  . 

Hill,  Atuiit:  tu])  of  litMil,  wliit«*  or  \\iiiti<(h:  tnifk.  ikK  ';:rf*-u  :a<liill). 

Stjrtirnniy  ri,^.tr>  m».    Yellow-crowned  Nlviit  Heron. 

><-i'  No.  \s\). 

Itill,  ><toiit  :    •rt'twriil    |iliiin:i<;c,  iiiiittl«>«|   ami   ^trr^k*^!  br**«n  ami  nliitc:  outer  ed};e  of 
primaries,  reddish  brown  i  iiiiiii:itiir«-).  S^Uftnu  m>frt4r„ntf  luiriiin.    Nijcht  Heron. 

">*•*•  No,  |,V.». 

Itiil.  ~loiit  ;  ireiicr.il  pitiina;:*-.  ttiotll«-i|  :iri<l  •«ir»':ik»'«i  ;frayi«li  firow  n  .uiil  \\hit<-:   primaries, 
slaty  brown  (iiiiiiiaiun>).  S>jiti>of>ix  rinl'tr*M».    Yellow -crowned  Nijcht  Heron. 

.s-.'  No,  \m. 


fJeneral  pliiiiiaijf'.  \vhit«';  bill,  yellow;  !»■:;•'.  M-u-k.  Anlt-t  ^-jr-tui.     American  Rgret. 

Set-  No.  l.V!. 

<oMi<>ral   pliniiai;i>,   white:    l<-irs.  <lark  o|iv«>:    terminal  half  of  bill,  black;    Sasal  half, 
flesh  color  I  wliite  phasH).  .\ni"i  rw' *<%.«>.     Reddish  H^ret. 

>♦*«"  No.   \h't. 

Head  and  neck,  rufous  chestnut;  x>-*\  <>{  plumas;e,  slate  color,  "f  -latv  ^ray. 

Ar.i.-f  fiUgrt-tiji.     Reddish  Egret. 
S»^  No.  I.'m. 

Gen«Tal  pliiina;;<*,  y«;llo\v  hrowii.  mottled  !ifi«l  •*irH;ik»-»l  i»iili  'hirk  l>rowii:  iipp«-r  <uifaf»'  of 
primaries,  blackish.  B^A^itrm*  /*■*/*> i»/»*«*.     American  Bittern. 

.**«*  No.  11.5. 


•  For  <lire«-ti«>n!i  for  in«;ar>a>-eiBKnt,  a*^  Vf  •- 


94 


KKY    TO    THE    IMUDS    OF    KASTKK.N    NOltTIl    A.MKUICA. 


*  Group  5.     Wing,  over  15  inches  long. 

l'5uiiiajr»N  cutirfly  whiU;;  wiu<^,  over  17  iiu-lifs:  l>ill,  over  ").")():  tarsus,  dvcr  T.-l't. 

Anlid  ocriticiUdlix.    Great  White  Heron. 

Sec  No.  14S. 

I'luina},'*',   entirely    white;    \vin<,',    less    iliiiii     17   iiieli.-s    loii-,';    l)ill,    under   a.^O;    tarsus 
under  7.25.  Ai-ii,<i  ajrcWi.     American  Egret. 

See  No.  1  ").■{. 


Greater  part  ot  ujiper  jjluniajie,  bluish  giiiy  or  slaty  Jiray;  .-idults  iu  hreeditij;  havt^ 
middle  of  erown  and  throat,  white:  tiill.  less  tliaii  <>."2r) ;  innuiitiiit!  birds  have  the  top  of  the 
head,  black.  Artlm  hcrnilins.     Great  Blue  Heron. 

See  N(..  l.')l. 

Similar  to  Great  Blue  Heroti,  but  larjjer:  bill,  over  fi-'i").     ( >ci'urs  only  in  Floiida, 

Ardfif  ti-itviji.    Ward's  Heron. 
See  No.  irw). 

I'op  of  liead  .anil  sometimes  i^reater  jiortion  of  head,  white;  winiis  and  back,  bluish  ^ray, 
or  slaty  <iiay  ;  j;»'neral  .appearanre  of  WaiiTs  Heron  except  color  i>f  head.  ()ccur.s  oidy  in 
Florida;  probably  ji  color  phase  of  Ardca  orriilmfulis, 

Arden  wuerdemanni.     Wuerdemfln's  Heron. 

Sec  No.  11!). 


*  For  dlroftiyHB  for  iiicasiireiiiciit,  «eo  page  U, 


JAMILV    (li:ill).K. 


(KAN  KM. 


9.') 


ORDER  PALLIDECOL/E. 

Cranes,  Rails,  Courlans. 

FAHILY   GRUID.«. 

Cranes. 

Bill,  over  3  inches  long;  wing,  over  16  inches;  tarsus,  over  7  inches; 
toes,  four,  no  comb-like  edge  on  inner  side  of  middle  toe  nail ;  hind  toe, 
elevated  above  level  of  front  toes. 


General  plumage,  white ; 
primaries,  black;  wiiij;,  ovn- 
20  im-lit's  luii:^  (r;ir|<us  to  tip); 
iiiiiii.iturc  l)inls  an-  more  or  less 
Idill'.  (irii-1  tiiinririnm. 

Whooping  Crane. 
t^eo  Xo,  IGI. 


General    plumage,     slaty 

gray  ;  Imif  «kiii.  on  head  of 
iuliilt  :  nd,  in  lite:  inunntiiK- 
birds  arc  liro\\ni-li:  .viinr.  Iroin 
15  to  'I'l  int'lu-*  long. 

iiriis    nil  jfiiiiii'i . 

Sandhill  Crane. 

ik'f  No.  ICi.!. 


Whooping  Crane. 


96 


Ki:V    TO     illK    HIlil>S    »)F    EASTEKN    XOKTII    AMKHiCA. 


FAMILY   ARAfllD/E. 
Courlans.     Limpkins. 

Bill,  over  3  inches  long;  tarsus,  under  7;  wing,  under  16;  toes,  four, 
no  comb-like  edge  on  inner  side  of  middle  toe  nail ;  hind  toe,  raised  above 
level  of  front  toes. 


'•.*A-' 


y 


(ieiieral  plmna^o,  dark  olive  brown,  streakwl  and  marked  with  piiro  wliile;  tail.  purpli^»h 
hrowii.  siunviuj;  MiclairK  jrloss  when  lidd  in  liic  liijlit;  fVatluM-!*  of  tin'  back,  breast,  and 
\vin<; covert'*,  brown,  with  wliiti-  ^tript'  in  niiMlf  of  cacli  ft^atlier;  tip  of  lower  mandible  often 
slightly  twisted.    Uocurs  in  Athmtic  State-*  only  in  Floridai.  Aranius  [ilijaideus.     Limpkin. 

See  No.  \U. 


FAMILY    HALLID.K.  —  IJAILS.  J)', 

FAHILY    RALLID/E. 

Rails,  Gallinules,  and  Coots. 

SUBFAMILY   RALUN/tS. 
Rails. 

Birds  which    frequent    marshy    places.     Toes,   long;    wings,    short  and 
rounded  ;  bill,  shorter  than  middle  toe  and  claw  together. 

*  Group  I.     Wing,  less  than  3.75  inches  long. 


niark  Kail. 

'I'lii«»;it,  hn'ast,  mid  sides  of  head,  slaty  gra>  ;  priiiiaiics,  with  nioro  or  less  wliiii-  spots. 
li<'i|iit'iits  marshes.  Porzunn  jiomiin  nxis.     Black  Rail, 

See  No.  17;{. 


Yellow  Itail. 

'Throat,  hreast,  and  sides  of  the  head,  tawny  liruwii,  no  wliite  spots  on  prhuar'n's. 

Pnrr:iinn  noi-rlinritn  tisis.    Yellow  Rail. 
See  No.  172. 


♦  For  dircftioii-i  lor  nii'  i^ui'eiiUMit,  sol-  page  !». 


9r 


KKY     ro    THE    BIRDS    OF   EASTEKN    NOUTII    AMERICA. 


*  Group  2.    Wing,  from  3.75  to  4.75  inches  long. 


Virginia  Kail. 

Back,  black  or  fuscous,  Un'  tciihcr-i  cdijicd  willi  l)r(»\vtusli  oi-  grayish  olivf;  underparts, 
cinnamon  rufous,  whiiish  «ui  tlu-  ilmcit ;  Itill,  slij;hlly  i-urvcd. 

Iiiillnf>  rinjiiiiKiiKs.    Virginia  Rail. 

S»M'  No.  l(i!». 


Back,  with  more  or  less  white  streaks  ;  hirasi,  <;ray 
ir  lawny,  ai'i-onliii;;'  to  .I'jf;  lower  Ix'lly,  dull  wliilf. 

Porsana  caroUtia.    Carolina  Rail  or  5ora. 

See  No.  171. 


*  For  tllroclioiis  fui'  me  i-iuroinent,  isoe  paxo  II. 


FAMIJ-V    1;ALLII)/K.  HAILS. 


J)!i 


Group  3.     Wing,  4.75  to  6.50  inches  long. 


Feathers  on  back,  dark  olive,  edged  with  gray  ;  cheeks  and  ear  coverts,  pale  cinna- 
mon rufous,  soinclimi's  lilackish  in  youug  birds;  hill,  ovt-r  1.25  iiu-hcs  loiijr,  I'siiiiily  ruiiml 
lu'ur  fresh  \vat«ir.  lidllits  ihiidiix.     King  Rail. 

See  No.  Ki*). 

Feathers  on  the  back,  black,  edged  with  grayish  olive;  ohfcUs  and  cur  ruvcris.  j;ray. 
I'rcfers  salt-water  inarshcs.  Jiitl/us  /mii/iroslrix  crrintdiis  miil  i-Krictiis.     Clapper  Kail* 

See  No.  KKJ. 


♦  For  ilirectioiis  for  incjitiureiuciit,  «i'i'  piigo  11. 


100 


KKY    TO    TIIK    HIUDS    OF    KASTKUN    NiHMII    AMKHICA. 


•X- 


Group  4.    Wing,  over  6.50   inches  long. 


%^ 


Virginia  lliiil. 


Ivin-  Itail. 


i'.lack  lliiil. 


Sorii  lliiil. 


lln-ast,  tiii<i<'(l  Willi  nifoiis  fh»'i'k<;   niloii<  throat,  wliiii^li ;  l>:K-k,  streaked;  liilK  loiii;  ami 
slightly  curved.  raillm  cU^kihs.     King  Rail. 

See  No.  l(i."i. 


SUBFAMILY    FULICIN/E. 
Coots. 


Bill,  short  and  pointed;  forehead,  with  more  or  less  of  a  shield;  toes,  with  large  lobate 
wehs;  liead,  bhu'kish;  baek,  <lark  slat j' graj- ;  uiiderparts,  dark  ash  gray,  whitish,  on  iihdoiiieii. 

Fulka  nmrrinniit.     American  Coot,    flud  Hen.    Blue  Peter. 

See  No.  178. 


*  For  <llreftlon-i  tor  iiicaBiiruniciit,  sec  intge  !l. 


FAMILY    HALLIDvl-:.  UAIL.S. 


101 


SUBFAMILY   QALLINULIN/e. 
Gallinules. 


Foes,  not  \v«'l)h(>tl ;  no   wliitt'  on  sidt-s 
of  body;  Ih'.uI  :im(1   Itri'Mst,  |»ur|)lish   lilnc; 


^'•'y-'^y^  ''      ,1  ;^       back,  'nccnisli. 


Purple  Gallinule. 

."iiM"  Xo.  17"). 


lli';i(l,  smoky  l>l;u'lc:  I'.roast.  »l:irk  ir'":iy:  toes,  not 
wclilifd  :   more  or  Ic-s  \\  liilc  on  ^idis  id'  body. 

(iiilliiiiilii  ijiirdhi.     Florida  fiallinule. 
Sc-  No.  17'.i. 


«ifAM  -r^    »^ 


ClMlt. 


(iulliiuile. 


102  KKY    TO    THK    l5ini>S    OF    K.\.STKI:N    XOKTII    AMKKICA. 


ORDER   LIMTCOL.E. 

SIIORK    lilHDS. 

IIlXU    TOE,    WHKN    rUKSKNT,     AI.WAVS    KI,EVATEI»    AIM^IVE    LEVEL    OF    FRONT    TOES. 

FAMILY  PIIALAROIMD.K.     PIIALAKOPES. 
Sides  ok  t<^)E8  with  koundki*  lobes  or  narkow  weuh.     See  page   101. 

FAMILY    HKCl'IiVIKOSTRID.E.     AVCiCETS    AND    STILTS. 

Toes,  more  oh  less  \vkiw!i;i>   (not  lobate)  ;  tarsis,  over  ;).."»();   t.ill  (irvei) 
i"pwARi»  OR  sTRAKiirr.     Soc  pnjre  1  iO. 

FAMILY    SCOLOPACID.E. 
SNIPE,  SANDPIPERS,  CURLE\VS,  WOOIKOCK.  f'ODWITS,  AVILLEFS,  ETC. 

TaRSIS.    less    than    3..')0    inches    LOX«i;    SIDES   OF    TOES,    WITHOIT    LOHATK.    WEBS; 
TOES.   FOUR   (nSV.    EXCEITION,   THE    SANDERLINt; ). 

liROCr  1.     Hirds  havinj:;  winjijfi  from  .'{.2.5  to 3.75  inehejs  long.     .See  p:i«;o  107. 
<»ROl"P  2.     Birds  liaviiii;  winj^s  from  3.7.'>  to  4..tO  inehejs  loug.     See  pajje  lOS. 

iset-tiou  1.     Toes,  four,  with  small  web  (not  lobale  at  Itas**).     See  page  108. 

Sei-tion  2.     Toes,  four,  without  weh.     See  p««?e  109. 

Section  3.     Toes,  tliree;  l)ill,  over  .7.').     S«»e  page  101». 
GROri*  3.     I»ii-(ls  haviujjf  wiiifjs  from  4..">0  to  .5..tO  iuchei?  long.     See  page  lOU. 

Section  1.     Toes,  four,  a  small  web  betw»'en  toe«;  bill.  less  than  .7.").     See  page  109. 

Section  2.     Toes,  four,  a  small  wel)    l»etween  outer  ami  middle  toes:  bill,  over  1.7.^. 
.See  l)age  1  i  0. 

Section  3.     Toes,  four,  without  web;  bill,  over  2  inches  long.     See  page  110. 

Se<*tiou  4.     Toes,  four,  without  web ;  bill,  over  1.10  and  less  than  l.JK).     See  page  112. 

Sei'tion  .5.     Toes,  four,  without  web;  l»ill.  auiler  1.10.     See  page  114. 

Section  0.     Toes,  thref;  bill,  over  .60  inch  long.    See  page  11.5. 
CiROCP  4.     Birds  having  wings  from  5.50  to  0.75  inche^s  long.     See  page  110. 

Section  1.     Toes,  four,  a  small  web  f)etweeu  outer  and  middle  toes;  bill,  over  l.SO. 
See  p.ige  110. 

Section  2.    Toes,  four,  a  small  web  Iwtween  outer  aud  middle  toe;  bill,  under  1.80. 
See  page  110. 

Section  3.     Toes,  four,  without  web;  bill,  over  2  inches  long.     See  page  117. 

Section  4.     Toes,  four,  without  web;  bill,  nuder  2.    See  page  118. 
Groi'P  5.     Birds  h.'iving  wings  from  0.75  to  9  inches  long.     See  page  119. 

Section  1.     Toes,  four,  with  inore  or  leas  w^b:  bill.  curve<]  upwards  or  straight ;  bill, 
over  2.00  inches.     See  page  119. 


OKDEi:    LIMK'OL.i:. —  SHOUK    lUIiDS.  \06 

Section  i.     Toon   four,   vitkomt  nyh;   Mil,  marly  straijiht;  hill.  nv<'r  2  IiicIh'-  l«»ug. 

S(!e  page  120. 
Sectiou  ;{.     Toea,  four,  with   •^inall   web;  hill,  slightly  curved    iipw.-inl   «)r  r^rraiglil ; 

hill,  iiiuler  2.»J0  and  over  1  .jO  iuvh«'-i  l<mor.     See  page  121. 
Section  4.     'foes,  four,  with  small  welt;  hill,  nearly  -itraight ;  hill.  N'sstlian  l..*»Oiiielie« 

long.     See  page  121. 
Section  5.     Toes,  four,  with  fmall  wel»;  '*j7Z,  curves!  dowmcfinl ;  hill,  over  2  iuelieo  loug. 

See  page  122. 
Groui'  fl.     Hinli^  having  wing*  from  9  to  12  inches  long.     See  page  12.'l. 
Section  1.     Toes,  four;  hill  curvwl  <lo\vn\vanl.     .See  page  12:{. 
Section  2.    Toes,  four;  bill,  curve<l  upward  or  nearly  straight.    Sei>  page  \'£i. 

FAMILY    CIIARADRIID.K.     PLOVERS. 
Toes,  tuhkk  (one    k.m  eitiox.  isla(k-kklliki>   i'LOVkis)  ;    nii.i.,  (o.MrAHATivELY 

SHORT    AND    THICK. 

Guoi'l*  1.     Wing,  .3.75  to  4..50  inches  long:  toes,  three,  no  hind  toe.     S«'«>  pag«'  124. 

Section  1.     Bill,  under  .Gil  iui-h  loug.     .See  page  124. 

Section  2.     Bill,  over  .GO  inch  loug.     Sec  page  125. 
Groui*  2.     Wing,  4  50  to  5.50  iui-li«-«  long;  toes,  three,  no  hind  toe.     Sit  pag«>  125. 

Section  1.     Bill,  over  .W  im-li  long.     See  page  125. 

Section  2.     Bill,  under  .fiO  inch  long.     Sec  page  125. 
Group  3.     Wing,  5. .50  to  fi.75  inclios  long:  toes,  three,  no  hind  toe.     See  page  12S. 
Groui*  4.     Wing,  over  G.75  inche*  long.     .See  page  12S. 

Set'tion  1.     Toes,  tliree.  no  himl  tf»e.     See  page  12S. 

Section  2.    Toes.  four.    See  page  128. 

FAMILY    APHRIZIDJ:.     TIRXSTONKS. 
Toes,  kouu  ;   lowei:  nAfK  axi»  RiJir,  whitk  with  clack  mand.     Seepage  129. 

FAMILY    ILK.MATOPUDID.K.     OYSTEH-CA  TCIIERS. 
Toes,  three;   bill,  over  2.."»i»  inches  l<>n(j. 
Section  1.     Toes,  three;  l»iii,  r»-»l.     Sf-«'  page  130. 


104 


KEV    TO    TlIK    HIIfDS    OF    1:a>STKKN    NOUTII    AMKUICA. 


ORDER  LiniCOL/E. 

Snipes,  Plovers,  Sandpipers,  Curlews,  Phalaropes,  etc. 

Hind  toe,  when  present,  always  elevated  above  level  of  front  toes. 

FAMILY   PHALAROPID/E. 

Phalaropes. 
Sides  of  toes,  with  lobes  or  narrow  webs. 


*.  •^. 


r 


-1 


k 


Wilson's  I'hulurupe. 


Red  Fhalarope.    Winter  plumage. 


r 


FAMILY    I'llALAKOriD.K.  —  rilALAKOrKS. 


10/) 


<  'i-yinii|iliilii-  riilii-iinii^. 


Ba<'k,  In'iivily  >tP';iK(Ml  witli  lil.ick  :mil  tjiwiiy:  belly,  reddish  brown,  ^lio\vin;j  iiion'  or 
Ic^^  whih-:  toes,  wiih  small  lobate  web;  u  in^.  .">.2i)  to  .'...Vi. 

(Jrtiinnjihihis  fiilifKrhis.     Red  Phalarope. 

Set-  No.  I7;i. 


I*li:il:iii>|>il--  liilmtiiM. 


Back,  ;jr:iyi«li.  ■5(r»'.ik<'il  u  illi  t;i\\  iiy  :  Ix-lly.  wliilc  :  lot'-i,  iciiilv   wi-IiIm'iI:  liill,  iiii(1<t  I  .0"»  : 
:ii-iii-!.  iiiider  1  :  \viii<r.  A  to  J.'iO.  Pliiiliiri>i>iis  i.,i.,,i,is.     Northern  Phalarope. 

S«'('  No.  |S(). 


*^^^^^ 


l'lialani|>u>  trioilor. 


Back.  j;r:iyi<li.  iiiarkt'il  wiili   chestnut  brown;  belly,  white;  bill,  over  1.05;  t.-iisus, 
ov<M-  1  :  tiH?s.  with  narrow  wcl*  on  sides;  \\'\u'^.  ."i.lO  lo  ."».J()  (|>inal»'). 

PlKitarnpHs  ii-ir,,!,,,-.     Wilson's  Phalarope. 

Scr  No.  Isl . 


Back,  j^rayi^h,  mot titvl  with  ilusky  of  wliitisli;  hill,  ovt-r  1.0.'i:  tarsu*.  ov«'r  1   inch:  toen, 
with  narrow  web  on  -"idHs:  wirij;,  4.7.'»  to  -1. '.».">  (luaU'). 

rhitj<irt>t>iis  triinh-r.    Wilson's  Phalarope. 

S«'t'  .No.  1S{. 


10(> 


KKV    TO    TIIK    HIKDS    OF    KASTKKN    N«)inil    AMFRirAc 


FAMILY    RECURVIROSTRID/E. 
Avocets  and  Stilts. 

Tarsus  over  3.50  inches ;  bill,  curved  upward  or  straight. 


A  VCMX't. 


salt. 


JTc.iul  and  nock,  pale  nifciis  (suni- 
inor) ;  whito  or  fjrMyi>Jh  (wintPi) : 
Itack  and  tiiil,  wliitf:  axillars,  white; 
boll}',  white;  first  primary,  dark 
with  dark  shaft ;  hill,  nirved  iiji- 
ward;  toes,  four. 

Jiirim'iroslra  amrrionm. 
American  Avocet. 
See  No.  182. 


KtTiiiviroirtra  amorioana. 


FAMILY    SrDLOpACID.K. SXIPF,    MANrU'IPKi:«*,    riRLFWS.    RTf 


1(»; 


Top  of  head  and  iiapo,  l)l:M-k:  ;;«'i»t:iI  upiKT 
pliiiu:ii;t>,  •;lo>i>iy  lil:i*k ;  front  of  Ii«>:mI  :iihI  from  of 
rii-ck,  nnnp,  :iimI  nnili'rp:irt>>,  \vliit<>  ;  axillars, 
white;  first  primary,  dark,  with  dark  shaft; 
!(•;;«,  vi-ry  lonj;.  ro<»'  pink  in  life:  liill.  nearly 
stniijflit :  toes,  three. 

Iliiiiiiiitoiiiis  nil  tiiinnis.    Biack-necked  Stilt. 

s«'o  \o.  is;i. 


iiinuiiiU>i>Uf^  iiiexii-aiMi". 


FAMILY    SCOLOPACID/E. 
Snipe,   Sandpipers,   Curlews,   etc. 

Tarsus,  less    than    3,50   inches;    toes,  four  (one    exception,  Sanderling 
Sandpiper). 


* 


Group  I.     Wing,  from  3.25  to  3.75  inches  long. 


/' 


No  uf'lt  ))ot\vpeu  toes;  l)eny,  white. 


Triiuj'i  MtHMiilhi.    Least  Sandpiper. 

S»?f  So.  lyC, 


'  For  direcMoD!*  for  mca.-»iin;m«rnt,    r»r  |nu;e  'j. 


108 


KKV    TO    TIIK    IMK'DS    OF    KASTKI.'N    NOUTH    AMKHIC.V. 


Tops,  wltli  small  wob;  bill,  usually  uiidfi-  .S"). 

Ercuiirfrs  j)HsiUii!i.    Semipalmated  Sandpiper. 

.See  No.  200. 


J 


rl 


< 
^>^ 


KrtMiiicics   im-illii- 

(K«Mlt.) 


'IWs.  with  small  wo])-  l>ill.  usii->llv  ovor  .Sa. 


ErcuiH'/rs  iK-ridcntuJis.    Western  Sandpiper. 

StM-  No.  201. 


*  Group  2.     Wing,  3.75  to  4.5(X  inches  long. 
Section   I.     Toes,  four,  with  small  web  (not  lobate)  at  base. 


Bill,  under  .85;  liack.  not,  <;rot'uish  olive:  hill,  ontirelv  Mack. 

h'rrunciis  jiiini/liis.     Semipalmated  Sandpiper. 

Sec  No.  -200. 


Bill,  over  .85;  Itat-k,  not  <>rceni»h  olive:  liill.  Iilack:  no  white  patch  on  inner  wch  (.1 
third  primary.  Kronidis  nrriilnitnlis.     Western  Sandpiper. 

Sec  No.  201. 

Small  wel)  between  outer  an<l  middle  toe:  hill,  over  .S,")-,  back,  greenish  olive,  sometimes 
handed:  uiider  mandihle.  pale  yellow  (inlile):  thiid  piiniai-y  and  inner  ptimaries  with  patch 
of  white  on  inner  web.  Ariihs  vKinilarin.     Spotted  Sandpiper. 

See  No.  210. 


*  For  ilir('<'ti(His  for  iiicMsnicnifiil,  m'c  piiKU   •. 


FAMILY    SCOLOPAriD.i:    — SXII'K,    SANF)PIPEKS,    CriJLKWS,    KTC. 


lO'.i 


Section  2.    Toes,  four,  without  web. 


Belly,  white:  Itiil,  l»lack. 


TriiKjd  minutiUa.     Least  Sandpiper. 

Sec  No.  I'.Mi. 


Trill};:!  iiitiiiitilh: 


Section  3.    Toes,  three;  bill,  over  .75  inches  long. 


Vi-rx. 


5 


Belly,  white;  h:i>!:il  half  of  outer  webs  of  inner  pritnarie^,  white:  hack,  niixeil  nifouia,  hlack 
and  white,  or  >jrayish  brown,  or  «'ntirely  black  (breeding;),  aocordinj;  to  season :  bill,  aliotit  one 

CaUdrix  (trcnaria.    Sanderlins  Sandpiper. 

See  No.  I'dJ. 


inch  lon^ 


*  Group  3.     Wing,  4.50  to  5.50  inches  long. 

Section   I.     Toes,  four,  a  small  web  between  toes;    bill, 

under   1.75. 

Bill,  under  1.75;  tarsus,  over   1.30.     All  other  s|)eries  in  this  section  liave  the  tar-u< 

Micri>i>iili(uiii  himiintojius.     Stilt  Sandpiper. 

S«'e  No.  UK). 
Tarsus,   under  1.30;    liack.  dirk   olive   spolted   with    while,   or 
''io\viii-;b  iriay  spotteil  with  dull  while,  acci.i diiiir  !<»  season.     Axillars, 
htra\  ily  barred  ;  a  small  web  lieiween  the  outer  and  middle  [or. 

Ttititnus  ,si,litiiriiis.     Solitary  Sandpiper. 

See  No.  -iOK. 


less  than  L.JO. 


Axillaiti. 
Tottthiis  l<olital'ill^ 


•  For  ilirtH'tioii-.  lor  nica.suriMiii^nt,  r^t-e  i"  !,.,'•'  '.i 


110 


KKY    TO    THK    HIKDS    OF    KASTEKN    NOHTI!    AMEItlCA. 


H;u'k,  ^rconisli  olive,  .sDnutiiios  Iiairnl  wiili  Iil;uk;  axiilars,  white,  without  l»iirs.  At 
some  scasou?*  uiidt'rparl.s  with  rouud  black  .spots;  a  small  web  Itclweeii  tlie  outer  and 
uiidille,  toe.  Actitis  macHlamt.     Spotted  Sandpiper. 

See  Xo.  216. 


Suinnu'f. 


Spotted  Sandpipers. 


Winter. 


Section  2.    Toes,  four,  a  small  web  between  outer  and 

middle  toes;  bill,  over  1.75. 


^Z2 


Mucri(rliiiiii|iliii>  i;ri>fiih. 


M;ici<)ili:tiii|iliii>  ^riseus. 

Bill,  over  1.75  ;  axiilars.  white,  barred  with  dark  brown;  luiiip  and  tail,  while,  s|H>tU;d 
aud  banded  willi  l)lack.  Miicr<>rli<imi'hns  nn'si  us.     Dowitcher.     Red-breasted  Snipe. 

MacrorlKiitijihuif  sroloparcKs.     Long'billed  Dowitcher. 

See  Nos.  188  ami  189. 

Section  3.   Toes,  four,  without  web ;  bill,  over  2  inches  long. 

Axiilars,  rufous  Jbrown,  without  Ijurs:  belly,  buff  color.     Philohda  minor.    Woodcock. 

See  No.  185. 


Axiilars,  barred   black  and   white;   belly,  wlnte;  up|MT  tail 
coverts  aud  tail,  tawny,  uiore  or  less  marked  with  l)laek. 

Galliiiatjo  delicaia.    Wilson's  Snipe.    Jack  Snipe. 

bee  No.  1S7. 


Galltiiagij  ilelicuta. 


FAMILY    SCOLUl'ACID.t.  SNU'E,    .sANDlMl'KU.s,    CI  KLKWS,    ETC 


111 


''^N^' 


WooitwH'k. 


Wllsou'H  Suipc. 


112 


RKV    TO    TllK    BIUDM    OK    KASiTKUN    NOlilll    A.MKUICA. 


Section  4.    Toes,  four,  without  web;  bill,  over  1.10;  and 

less  than   1.90. 


Suininer. 


Winter. 


Bill,  decurved  110:11-  tip:  one  or  more  of  inner  secondaries, 
almost  entirely  white ;  «/</"  /•  hiH  iunrl.i,  nut  irhUi\  Ixtrrcd  n-iih  hlmk ; 
legs  and  feet,  black.  Sprin-;'  hinls  have,  bliic-k  011  the  belly,  and 
li,i«'k,  niluus  l)ro\\  II  ami  Idat-k.  Kail  birds  have  tlie  belly  wliilt!  and 
back  gray.  Trinya  ulpina  pacijini.     Red^^backed  Sandpiper, 

American  Dunlin. 
fcsec  .\u.  I'.tS. 


Triiifra  alpiiia  pacifica. 


FAMILY    .SCOLOl'ACUXK.  — SNU'i:,    SANDl'H'EUS,    (UUI.KWS,     KK. 


ii;i 


^^  T"r"-s5C;" 


■■-^'ftV'^ 


r  . 


h- 


■W 


Curlew  Siimlpiiier. 


Uill.   (iccmvt'd    iH'MT   tilt'    ti|p;    upper   tail    coverts,    white, 
banded  with  black  m-  dark  Itruwii. 

Trimjii  f>rraijni< •'■     Curlew  Sandpiper. 
bcf  .No.  li>l>. 


Triiifra  fcrniy:lnca. 
Tiiil  and  upiicr  tail  oovertb. 


Ill 


KKY    TO    TIIK    lUliDS    Of    KA.STKKN    NOKTII     AMKUUA, 


I-   '-fiatf-vv' 


Pectoral  Sandpiper. 


ilMck: 

iinn  I 


Triiifiii  niiiciilata. 
Tail  ami  upper  tail  covi-it^ 


Hill,  iii'iii'ly   sti-;iij:lit  :  liarw,  niiirktul  with  Inwiiy  and  I 
bn-ast  with  numerous  narrow,  brown  streaks  ;  none  <>/ 
.11  riiiitiiirii  s  nliiiosi  <  iiiifijij  iriiiic  ;  lowcr  rump 
and  upper  tail  coverts,  blacl< ;  tlu' IVatlK  i  _^ 

luorc  oi'   less  tipped   wiih   hull  :  two  middlr     ^^^^^^^^ 
tail  feathers  longer  than  the  others.  ^ 

'J'rniii'i  iiHiriiliitd.      Pccloral  3andpiper.        ''nnfia  maculata. 

Grass  Bird. 

Sec  No.  I  UK. 


Hill,  nearly  straight:  back,  dark;  ft-athcrs. 
edj^fd  with  iishy  or  hull':  breast,  grayish,  without 
hrown  streaks;  one  or  more  of  imier  stcinid.irics 
almost  entirely  white:  legs  and  feet,  yellow  in  lile, 
pale  hrown  in  dried  skin. 

Trinija  luuntiniit.     Purple  Sandpiper. 
.See  Xo.  1M2. 


>0^ 


I'urpli'  Samlpiper. 


Section  5.     Toes,  four,  without  web;  bill,  under  1.10. 


Tringii  fusdcolllp. 


Upper  tail  coverts,  white  ;  inner  webs 
of  priinarie«.  not  -ipeckled. 
Ttinf/n  fiisiirnllis. 

White-rumped  Sandpiper. 

See  No.  1114. 


Trlnga  tu»i'ii'ollls. 


FAMILY    SrOLOPACIDyE.  — SNIPE,    SANDriPKKS,    CURLEWS,    ETC. 


115 


Middle  upper  tail  coverts,  smoky  or  dusky,  <>n<>ii 
tipprd  Willi  liiill';  inner  wclis  id  jirim.irit's  not  speckled :  side*, 
white;  middle  toe  and  claw,  less  than  .95;  le^s  .md  liili. 
blackish.  Trimja  hnirdii.     Baird's  Sandpiper. 

See  No.  l'.)5. 


TriiiK!!  Iwiirdil. 
T;iil  ami  uiiper  tiiil  coverts. 


Trinjra  inaciilatii. 
Tail  anil  upper  tJiil  coverts. 


niddle  upper  tail  coverts,  black,  tdieii  n;iiro\vly  tipped 
witii  Inowiiisli  liiirt":  iimer  welts  of  primaries,  not  speekled: 
middle  toe  and  elaw.  over  .'.M ;  middle  tail  feathers  decidedly 
lonj;«'r  than  the  rest;  lej^s,  yidlo\vi>h  olive;  hase  of  hill,  dnll 
olive ;  tip,  hlaek. 

Trinya  macithttn.    Pectoral  Sandpiper,    (irass  Bird. 

See  So.  llt;{. 


Inner  weh  of  primaries  speckled. 
Tr>jn[iites  snbrujicoJIis.     Buff-breasted  Sandpiper. 

See  No.  2ir>. 


'rryn!iitc>  siibnillcollis. 
l'ii>t  luiiiiary. 


Huff  brea.-tcd  Sandpiper. 


Section  6.    Toes,  three ;  bill,  over  ,60  inch. 


Hill,  Itlack;  shoulder  (lesser  and   middle  win;;-  i-overts).  hrown;  no  weh 
Itetwecu  toes;  legs,  black.  CaUdrisafi)i<in<i.     Sanderling  Sandpiper. 

See  No.  202. 


IIB 


KKY    TO    Tin:    lUI.'DS    OF    EASTKUX    XOIiTH    AMKUIfA. 


*  Group  4.     Wing,  5.50  to  6.75  inches  long. 

Section    I.     Toes,   four,   a   small   web    between    outer  and 

middle  toe;  bill,  over  1.80. 

I'ltp*'!-  t.iil  c'<)v»'rt.^  :iiii1  :i\ill:ir>.  white  spotted  or  hjirn-tl   with 
ilusky;  liill.  iifjirly  strii'mlil. 

Miirmrhnmiihns  ijri^n*.     Red-breasted  Snipe,  or  Dowitcher. 

S(M!  \o.  IsS. 

Miufin-humphns  !st>A»i>'ir,  Hs.    Western  Red«brea5ted  Snipe,  or 

Long-billed  Dowitcher. 

Marn.rtKnn|ilius  griscus.  ^^*'  ^'*'  ^'^''* 


Section  2.    Toes,  four,  a  small  web  between  outer  and 

middle  toe;  bill,  under  1.80. 


Tardus  and  middle  toe  toj:;etiier.  more  tli.-iii  2.i5«l»  iiirlie*  loiijj: 
oiucr  primary,  slate  brown,  without  Itar-; :  niiiipati<l  iip|MTl;iil  i-overts, 
whit**,  more  or  less  liarred  with  hrowii:  legs,  yellow. 

Tutaiins     /(•//«. v.    Summer  Yellow=leg. 
See  No.  208. 


TiiiMiiiis  llavipfs. 


Stilt  .>^un«Jpiper. 


Tarsus  and  middle  toe,  toj^ether,  less  than  2.<>0;  H/t/tr  t^rfU  r4i\crts^whitr,  nr  whitr  fmrred  tcith 
hlafk:  outer  primary,  slate  brown,  without  bars. 

MirrttitabuHft  hiinnntupus.     Stilt  Sandpiper. 

See  No.  190. 


*  For  ilirections  for  nieat^umiieiit,  M?e  |>aj^  it. 


FAMILY    SCOLOrACID.t. — SNIPE,    SANUlM'KU.s,    CLJKLKW8,    ETC. 


1!7 


,  r|i]an<l  Plover. 

(>iili  r  |)riin;iiv,  wliitish,  l>.irri^i  willi  "l.-irk  ltn>\vii. 

Btirtnttniti  /•>iMiiir4t»,hi.     Bartramian  Sandpiper.     Upland  Plover. 

Sfc  No.  214. 


Section  3.    Toes,  four,  without  web ;  bill,  over  2  inches  long. 


Lower   liflly,   whitish  or    rthitc:    ;i\ill;irs.   h.-int'd    lii.uk   :iiitl 
white.  (r"Ulinagu  delintta.     Wilson's  Snipe.    Jack  Snipe. 

.S»'»>  No.  1S7. 


tiiillinjigo  (lelk-nta. 


118 


KEY    TO   THK    BIRDS    OF    KASTEllN    NOUTH    AMERICA. 


Ht'lly,  Imtr  color :  axill:irs,  nit'ou-*  brown. 

J'hilohflit  minor.    Woodcock. 
See  Xo.  l^fo. 


rhilohcia  ininur. 


Section  4.     Toes,  four,  without  web;    bill,  under  2  inches 

long. 


Rump,  gray  ;  ui>|)er  tail  coverts,  whitish,  bamlotl  or  marked  witli 
Itiack  :  inner  webs  or  primaries  not  speckled. 

Trinijii  rtninfiis.     Knot. 
See  No.  lUl. 


^i^R^ 


Tringa  i-anutUB. 


Rump,  blackish  ;  middle  upper  tail  coverts,  black  (not 
landed)  :  inner  wel>  of  primaries  not  sjM'ckled. 

TriiKja  manilata.    Pectoral  Sandpiper.    Grass  Bird. 

See  No.  193. 


Triugii  niarulatii. 


Inner  webs  of  primaries,  s|)eekled. 
Tryiujites  subruiivulli^.    Buff-breasted  Sandpiper. 

See  No.  215. 


Tryitgito.-'  ^uliruficulUtj. 


FAMILY    SfOr.OPAflD.K.  ^- SNIPR,    SANDI'IPKRJS,    m.'LKWS,     KTC. 


11!> 


*  Group  5.     Wing,  6  75  to  9  inches  long. 

Section   I.     Toes,  four,  with  more  or  less  web;  bill,  curved 
upwards  or  straight ;  bill,  over  2.60. 


,=:^r^^'I=23^®^->' 


Syiiipln'nii;i  s('iiii|i;iliii!il^i. 

Axillars,  smoky  black;  Ix-lly,  wliin-;  tt'iini- 
ii:il  lliinl  <»f  oiiu  T  i>rim:iry.  I»l:u-k:  the  rc^t,  white; 
hill.  iH'arly  stmijjht. 

SiDiijihi  iitiii  srmijHfhiUlht.      WillCt. 

>>ltiii'lifutift  ."I'mij'tihiii'fif  iiinnitit'i. 

Western  Willet. 

S.'.-  Nm^.  211  ami  212. 


Willet. 


Axillars,  dark  gray,  or  sooty 
irray :  ImIIv.  i:rayi<h  whitf;  first 
primary,  dark  siaty  brown  with 
white  shaft;  hill,  curved  upward; 
upper  tail  coverts  mostly  white. 

l.iinm^il    li'i  iii'istirii, 

Hudsonian  (iodwit. 

S.-.-  \(».  2.)-!. 


Ilndsonian  Godwlt 


Km-  liin-rtionH  for  iiieafjurcmpnt,  see  page  U. 


120 


KKY    TO    IMK    UIKD.S   OF    KASTLIiN   NOIMII    AMEKICA. 


Marbled  Godwit. 


Axillars,  rufous  brown  ;  iippi'i-  tail 
(•overt-,  imt,  wliitc:  l)fllv,  Itiill,  soiiictimc-J 
l».irn'(l  wiih  daik  ttrowii:  primaries,  pale 
rufuus  brown  with  numerous  dark  dots; 
shaft  of  primaries,  white;  hill.  <Mirv*'il 
upward. 

Limosd  frill  lit.    riarbied  (iodwit. 
See  No.  20:J. 


IJni(>:>a  IVdua. 


Section  2.     Toes,  four,  without  web;  bill,  nearly  straight; 

bill,  over  2.60. 

Axillars,  banded  with  white  and  grayish  brown ;  belly,  pale  brown,  bamlod  with 
dark  brown:  piiniarics,  j^rayi-'li  brown;  outer  web,  banded  v/ith  pale  brown  or  rufous 
brown;  slmH  of  i>riinarie>4,  dark:  bill,  uearly  straiglit. 

Sculopiu-  rusticola.    European  Woodcock. 

See  No.  184. 


FAMILY    HCOLOPACID.K.  — .SNII'K,    >.4XI»ni'KK-«*,   CL'KLKWs.    ETC. 


121 


Section  3.    Toes,  four  (with  small  web);  bill,  slig:htly  curved 
upward  or  straig^ht;  bill,  under  2.60  and  over  1.50. 


Axillars,  smoky  black;  Iwlly,  n!ijt«':  oiitpr  primary  t«r- 
mitiiil  third,  black,  re-it  wliiu*;  rump,  jfray:  ii|»|i«t  tail  covi'ii-. 
white.  Si/mjttifun'i  n^-mifiltHtila.     Willrt. 

S«'  No.  211. 


Axillars,  white,  witli  f«'\v  li«rht  lirowii  ihrt*  ii«*:ir  il***  #«iHlf(:  \tfl\y.  white;  outer  primary 
(larli.  wiih  sli.-itl.  wliite;  rump,  white  without  bars;  upper  tail  coverts,  white,  without 
bars;  le^s*  olive  green.  T-^'tn't"  in-hiihinun.    Qreenshank. 

s<M-  \o.  -iot;, 

Axillars,  white,  banded  with  brown  ;  iH'lly.  whitf.  «Mjtfr  primary,  hiark:  ohaft,  while: 
rump,  grayish  brown;  feathers,  tipped  with  white;  upper  tail  coverts,  white,  more 
or  less  barred  with  dark  brown  ;  tegs,  bright  yellow. 

J'utftnus  iitiliiiiiihHiitA.    Winter  Yellowlegs.    Cireater  Yellowlegs. 

•»<•••  \<i.  'JOT. 

Section  4.    Toes,  four,  with  small  web;  bill,  nearly  straight; 

bill,  under  1.50. 


1 


rjpland  Ptorer. 
Axillars,  white,  banded  with  brown;  fir-'t   primary.  f»rown.  with  white  harr  on  iuner 
wel);  tip,  dark.  linrlrnmin  Innijlrtniiln.    Bartramian  Sandpiper.    Upland  Plover. 

.See  Xo.  214. 


122 


KEY   TO   THE    BIRDS    OF    EaSTKHN    NOimi    AMERICA. 


Section  5.    Toes,  four,  with  small  web ;  bill,  curved  down- 
ward ;   bill,  over  2  inches  long. 


Primnrios,    1»a  rrcd  ; 
ixilliirrt  b;nn'(l. 

Xitmcii ills  h  lulsoii iriis. 
Hudsonian  Curlew. 
Jack  Curlew. 
Sec  No.  21S. 


I'rimarios,    without    bars ;    a  x  i  1 1  a  r  s , 
l)arr<'(l. 

Xiitni'niKs  lionnlis.    Esquimaux  Curlew 
Dough  Bird. 

See  No.  21!). 


P- 


b"ii-Ht  |n-iiu;uy. 


Curlews 


FAMILY    SCOLOPACID.fi.  — SNIPK,    SANDPIPERS,    CCKLEWS,    ETC. 


123 


*  Group  6.    Wing,  9  to  12  inches  long. 
Section  1.     Toes,  four;  bill,  curved  downward. 


Axillars,  reddish  brown  with  narrow  blacl^  marks;   iicily.  luit]':  bill,  usually  over 
four  inches.  Nmninius  lonyirnstrin.     Long-billed  Curlew.    5ickle-bill  Curlew 

•  See  No.  217. 


Axillars,    banded     with 
slaty  brown  and  duU  whitej; 

belly,  whitisli:  bill,  under  four 
inches. 

Jack  Curlew. 

Hudsonian  Curlew. 

See  Xo.  21 S. 


First  iirinmry.  Iliirtsoniaii  (,'urlew.  Axillars. 

Toes,  four;   bill,  curved   upward,  or  nearly 
straight. 

./ 

^^ 

Axillar.s,  rufous ;     priuwirii's.     rufous, 
(lottetl  with  lilui-k. 

Limiixii  fnhm.    flarbled  (iodwit. 

See  No.  2(>;i. 


Section  2. 


l.iiiKisH  fi'iloa. 


*  For  (liret-tloiiB  for  iiieiisurenH-iit,  see  page  ». 


124 


KEY    TO    THE    IJIKUS    OF    EASTEItX    NOUTH    AMElUCA. 


FAMILY   CHARADRIID/E. 


Plovers. 


Toes,  three,  no  hind  toe. 


The  Plovers  are  a  cosmopolitan  family,  numberinjr':  fsomething  less  than  oue  hundred 
species,  fifteen  of  which  occur  in  North  Anu-rioa.  inclucUn^  exotic  stragglers.  As  a  rule  thfv 
have  but  three  toes,  although  two  genera,  Squatarola  and  Vanellus,  have  four.  The  tarsus  is 
reticulate  and  the  toes  are  partly  webbed. 


Block-bellitMj  IMovor  (Winter; 


IMjfiiifi  Plover 


Semlpalmateii  Plover. 


*  Group  1.     Wing,  3.75  to  4.50  inches  long. 
Section  1.     Bill,  under  .60. 


Ihll,  orange  at  base,  the  tip,  black;  legs,  dull   llcsh  color:   a  black 
stripe  from  bill  passing  uixlcr  «-ye. 

Apifinlitis  simipdimata.    Semipalmated  Plover. 

See  No.  22(J. 


APfrialitih  xt-nit 
pHliiiiita. 


♦  Fur  itirecttuiii<>  for  iiR'asiinMiii'iit,  r^i-e  \mge  !(. 


FAMILY    f'HARADRIID.E.  I'LOVKKS. 


125 


Hill,  orange  at  liase,  the  tip,  Itlack:  legs,  orange  yellow;  two  niiiMIe  tail  feathers,  tipped 
with  white;  no  black  stripe  from  bill  to  eye;  black  breast  Itatul  ni)t  eonfhieiil.  Species 
not  found  west  of  the  Rocky  flountains.  Acijiulitis  mdmla.    Piping  Plover. 

Sec  No.  -i-iS. 

Bill,  orange  at  base,  tlie  tip,  blaek;  legs,  orange  yellow;  middle  tail  feathers,  tipped  with 
wliite;  no  black  stripe  from  Itill  to  eye;  a  continuous  black  band  on  breast.     Species  not 

found  west  of  Rocky  ilountains. 

Aetjialitis  mehnla  circnmcinrta.     Belted  Piping  Plover. 

See  No.  2-iJt. 


Bill,  entirely  black;  legs,  slate  color;  two  outer  tail  featln-rs.  entirely 
white;  two  middle  featht-rs,  not  tipped  with  while;  no  black  stripe  from 
bill  to  eye.  I'anges  from  Texas  and  Kaixas  west  to  the  I'acitie  Ocean; 
casual  in  Western  Florida  and  Cuba ;  not  known  to  occur  on  the  Atlantic 
Coast.  Ai'fjiutUis  nivosa.    Snowy  Plover. 

See  No.  2'2U<i. 


Section  2.     Bill,  over  .60  inch  long. 


At'irialitis  nivotsa. 


A  ('Kinlitis  wilsonia. 


A  very  small  web  between  outer  and  middle  toes:  bill,  large  and  thick; 
a  baud  of  black  (male)  or  brown  (female)  on  lu-east. 

Acffialitis  tcilsoniu.    Wilson's  Plover. 
See  No,  2:{(). 


*  Group  2.    Wing,  4.50  to  5.50   inches   long;    toes,  three, 

no  hind  toe. 

Section  1.     Bill,  over  .60  inch  long. 


Bill,   thick;    slioubler  Jesser  ami  middle  wing   coverts),   asliy   gray: 
legs,  dull  llesh  c<»Ior:  a  «mall  web  between  toes. 

Ai'fjinlitis  wilHonin.     Wilson's  Plover. 
See  No.  -I'M). 


Section  2.     Bill,  under  ,60  inch  long. 


\ 


Aijrlalilis  wiltsonia. 


Rill,  orange  at  base,  the  tip,  black;  h'gs,  dull  Mesh  color;  a  l>lack 
stripe  from  bill  passing  under  eye. 

Argialitissnnipalmatii.     Semi  pal  mated  Plover.     Ring  Neck. 

See  No.  22(5. 


AcglaUtlB  BCMiilpHltiiatu. 


*  For  iliri'ctioiis  for  nicnsiirciiH'nt,  spo  paffc  9. 


126 


KEY    TO   THE    BIRDS    OF    EASTERN    NORTH    A3I ERICA. 


mil,  oraii;;*,'  :il  l)a»e,  the  tip,  black;  le<5s,  onin<;e  yf'Ilow:  no  black  stript;  from  bill  to  eye; 
black  lirca'Jt  l»aud,  not  confluent;  two  niiiklle  tall  feathers,  tipped  with  wliite.  Eastern 
species  not  found  west  of  Rocky  Mountaihs.  AeginUtis  meloda.    Piping   Plover. 

See  No.  228. 

Hill,  oianj^e  at  base,  the  tip,  l)laek;  lei^s,  oran<re  yellow;  no  black  stripe  from  bill  to  eye; 
breast  band,  continuous  and  not  )>rokcii  in  the  middle;  two  middle  tail  featiiers.  tipped  with 
white.     Eastern  .species  not  found  west  of  l{ocky  Mountains. 

Aegialitis  m-  loda  circumcincta.    Belted  Piping  Plover. 

See  No.  229. 


Aegialitls  nivosa. 


Hill,  entirely  black;  leji;s,  slate  color;  no  black,  stripe  from  bill  to  eye ;  two  middle  tail 
leathers,  not  tipped  with  white;  two  outer  tail  featliers,  white.  Western  species  ranges 
from  Texas  uud  Kausas,  west,  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.    Accidental  in  Florida. 

Aeyialitis  nivo.sa.    Snowy  Plover. 
See  No.  229a. 

*  Group  3.    Wing,  5.50  to  6.75  inches  long;  toes,  three, 

no  hind  toe. 

Breast,  with  two  bhick  bunds;  unchM-parts,  white:  rump  and  upper  tail  coverts,  orange 
brown.  ^E>jialiti.s  vucifera.    Killdeer  Plover. 

See  No.  225. 

\o  black  l)and  on  I)reast;  l)ack,  brownish  gray;  rump,  not  orange  brown.  Western 
species  of  casual  occurrence  in  Florida.  yEgialitix  montanu.    Mountain  Plover. 

See  No.  231. 


*  For  ilirectloni!*  for  niL'Uisurcnieiit,  nei'  \ni):v  it. 


FAMILY    CIIARADUIID^.  —  PLOVERS. 


127 


Rlaokliollied  Plover, 


Killdcer  Plover. 


■^t^. 


Kiiijr  iK'ck  I'Jovor. 


PiiJing-  Plover. 


VVlleon's  Plover. 


.Snowy  I'iDver. 


128 


KKY    TO   THK    BIUDS    OF'    EASTEliN    NORTH    AMKKICA. 


*  Group  4.     Wing,  over  6.75  inches  long. 
Section  1.    Toes,  three. 


ninck  nxillarsdf  ISIa.k.l.fllioil  Plover. 


Gray  axillara  of  (Joldcn  Plover. 


Axilliirs,  j?r:iy  ;  runii).  iini,  orjiiii^c  iiniun. 

Chnradn'iis  (luiiinilruK,    (iolden  Plover. 
Sec  No.  -l-n. 


(  iiariKlriii-  iloininicus. 


Axilliirs,  smoky  hinck;  rump  :iiiil  upinT  tiiil  (.-ovci'ts,  not  ornnirc  l)io\vii. 

(Jluvadriiis  fiqinttdrolii.     Black>beilied  Plover. 

S«M'  No.  H-l. 

This  siK'cii's  lias  fouf  toi-s  (the  liiml  tot-  Woiiij!:  so  small  tliat  it  ot'tcii  cscaiK's  noticci,  and  proporly  hi'lonjr.-  in 
(iriiU)) ."),  Section  ;{,  l)ut  owinj;  to  the  tact  that  it  is  constantly  looked  lor  anioiifr  the,  three-toed  species  it  is  included 
in  lioth  sections. 

Ittiinp,  oraii;,';*'  hrowu;  muloriKirts.  white,  with  two  l)l;u'k  l);ui(ls  on  the  breast;  axillars. 
pure  V.  iiite.  ^iE(jinlitis  rocifcnt.     Killdeer  Plover. 

See  No.  '225. 

No  hlaek  bauds  on  breast;  shaft  of  first  primary,  white ;  back,  brownish  <>fay ;  axillars, 
while.  A  Western  s|>ecies  of  casual  occurrence  in  Florida;  not  rei-orded  elsewhere  on 
Atlantic  coast.  ^iJfjialitin  luiDi/nnd..     Mountain  Plover. 

See  No.  231 . 

Section  2.     Toes,  four. 

Axillars,  smoky  black;  tarsus,  over  1.7lt;  hind  toe,  very  small. 

Cluiradriiis  sniuttnrohi.     black=«bellied  Plover. 

See  No.  222. 


*  For  (Ureetlona  for  nieasmciiient,  see  pane  II. 


FAMILY    AniRlZID.E.  —  8UKF    IJIUDS    AND   TUHNSTONES. 


129 


FAniLY  APHRIZID^. 

Surf  Birds  and  Turnstones. 


SUBFAMILY   ARENARIIN/E. 
Turnstones. 

Toes,  four;  lower  back  and  rump,  white 
with  black  band. 


Summer. 


Turnstone. 


Winter. 


A<hilt  ill  summer:  (Jeueral  tipper  parts,  mottled  ami  varie>rat('il  with  lilaek,  white,  rufous, 
aiultawuy;  throat  ami  hreast,  Idaok  ami  wliite;  rest  of  uiiderparts,  white;  tail,  with  siihter- 
iniiial  haiul  of  l>laek,  tipped  with  white. 

Adult  in  irinlrr:  Ahove,  lijjht.  streaked  and  dashed  with  dark  hrowii;  an  imperfect  Iiaiid 
of  dark  hrown  on  tlu'  juiiuluni :  chin  and  upper  part  »d"  the  throat,  white;  sides  of  Itreast,  like 
the  hack;  rest  of  the  underparts,  white;  a  distinct  white  l)aiid  on  the  win>j;  rumj),  white,  hut 
with  !i  broad  i)iitch  of  l)L'H'k  on  the  upper  tail  coverts;  tail,  dark  hrown,  the  tips  and  hasal  half 
of  the  inner  feathers,  and  nearly  two  thirds  of  the  outer  feathers,  white;  legs,  reddish  orange; 
bill,  black. 

Length,  S.fiH;  wing,  5.70;  tail,  2.G0;  tarsus,  1;  hill,  .on. 

Arenaria  iiitrr}>res.    Turnstone. 
See  No.  232. 


130 


KEY   TO   THE    BIRDS  OF    KA!>TERN    XOKTIl    AMEKICA. 


FAMILY   H^MATOPODID^. 
Oyster=catchers. 

Toes,  three;  bill,  over  2.50  inches  long. 

Section  1.    Toes,  three;  bill,  red. 


Ilxiuatoi)us  palliatuB. 


Head  auil  neck,  hlackish,  or  very  dark  Inown ;  back, 
brovvn;  upi>er  tail  t-overts,  white;  bill,  red  ;  ])ill,  over 
2.50  inches  long;  wing,  about  ten  inches  long;  lower 
breast  and  belly,  white. 

Hirmat»p»s  paUiatus.    American  Oyster-catcher. 

See  No.  '2M. 


American  Ovster-^atcher. 


ORDER    PYGOPODES. 

Diving  Birds. 

Suborder  PODICIPIDES.     Grebes. 

Family  PODICIPID^.     Grebes. 

Six  species  of  Grebes  oeeiir  in  North  Ainerif.-i.  Their  toes  iire  lobe  webbeil  ami  tlie  legs 
are  phu-eil  far  baek,  reiuleriii;^  walking;  dilficult.  Tliey  feed  priueipally  on  tUh.  About 
thirty-two  species  are  liuowu  throughout  tlu-  wurld. 

Genus  COLYMBUS  Linn. 
Suia;EXLS  COLYMBUS   Linn. 


■r 


^>*#^'' 


HolbocU's  Grebe. 


Pied-bllkd  Grebe. 


(13!) 


132 


THK    UIUOS    OF    KASTKUN    NOKTII    AMKIUCA. 


1 


COLYMBUS  HOLBOELLII  (Reinli.). 

Holboell's  Grebe. 

Sft.  char.  Smanwr:  ('rf)\vii.  ii;i|)f,  and  Itaek  of  Iht-  iiwk^  l)lai'k;  back,  dull  blnck  <»r 
Iilafkisli;  tliroat,  belly,  and  sides  of  tlie  bead,  silv»T}'  wbitt*;  front 
and  sides  of  iieek,  rnfous  lirown,  <;radually  sbadiug  liirbter  on  breast ; 
sides  of  liody,  more  or  less  rnfons. 

AihiU  in  ii-intir :  ITppor  pluniap;,  sooty  brown:  tbroat  and  undcr- 
parts,  silvery  wliite;  neek,  more  or  less  tin<;ed  witli  rufous.  Innnatnn' 
birds  liave  tbe  tbroat  and  sides  tin<;ed  witb  ;jray. 

Liiiijth,  IS  to  20;  winj;-,  7.00;  tarsus,  2.15;  bill,  l.MO  to  i. 
DhtrihtUiii}) :  .N'ortli  America  at  larj^e,  ineludin<;<jireeuland  (.^^1.  O.V.)  : 
soutb   in   winter  to  Xortb  Carolin.a  and  .Middle  .State:*  of  tbe  interior: 
breeds  from  ^linnesota  and  Dakota  nortbw.tnls. 

Xist  1(11(1  ct/'js:  Tlu!  nest  is  usually  eomposetl  of  «?ra.ss  and  rriMJ-;. 
often  Hoatiii;;.  Tlu;  ef;j?s  are  soiled  wbite  or  pale  s^reenisb  wbite,  from  tbree  to  live  In  nmnl)er. 
and  measure  2. 20  x  l..'!'). 

Holhoeir.'*  (irohe  h  the  largest  of  the  family  in  Ensterii  North  America. 
It  is  not  uncommon  on  the  Athmtic  coast  (liirinu:  the  winter  months.  Like 
others  of  if.s  family  it  is  an  ex[)ert  diver,  and  rarely  takes  wing  when  pursued, 
usually  disappearini;  benciith  the  watcn-  with  an  ease  and  <juickness  which  has 
won  for  it  the  solMi(juet  of  Hell  Diver.  When  frightened  it  often  swims  under 
water  with  only  a  small  portion  of  the  head  and  hill  exposed. 


SuBGENis  DYTES  Kauf. 

COLYMBUS  AURITUS   Ltm. 

Horned  Grebe.     Water  Witch. 

Ailiilf  in  sniiniK  r :  Ipiter  parts,  inehidiui;'  l)aek,  winj^s,  top 
of  tbe  bead  and  baek  of  Ibf  neek,  i;iossy  hlaek ;  tbroat,  black  ; 
front  of  tbe  ueck,  breast,  and  sides  of  tlie  body,  rufous  ebe.st- 
uut ;  rest  of  umlerparls,  wbite;  winj^s,  dusky  blaeli;  secon- 
daries, wliite;  lores,  dull  cbestmit ;  tbe  two  small  tufts  of 
leatbers  at  tin-  si«les  of  tbe  occiput,  browuisb  bull". 

AditU  ill  iriiUer  mid  immature:  Head  and  back,  f^rayish; 
iinderparts,  wbitr.  u>ually  tini/t'd  tcith  (jnvj  on  the  brcust  and 
lower  tbroat:  no  tufts  mi  sidiH  of  the  hiiul  in  wintir  plnmuiji'. 

Lcuiith:  13.J0;  winjr.  5.40;  tarsus,  1.70;  bill,  .85  to  .*>5. 

DistrHnition :  Nortbern  Ileinispbere,  l)reedin*;  from  tbe 
rniled  States  nortbward  (.1.  O.  (/.),  migratin*?  soutb  in 
winter  to  Florida  and  tbe  Gulf  States. 

Xest  mid  eijijs:  The  uest  is  a  mass  of  floating  «ifrass   or  "  ^ 

weeds  or  a  mat  of  grass  on  a  partly  submerged  marsb  ;    tbe 

eggs  are  four  to  seven,  dull  wbite  or  yellowisb  white,  or  soiled  brownish  white,  and  measure 
1.75  X  1.15. 


\ 


FAMILY    roDICiriD.E.  — (il.F.nKS. 


l.\:\ 


The  Horned  (Jrelu'  in  soiiietimos  confouudod  with  the  Pied-billed  Greho 
in  winter  dress,  Imt  the  fonuer  sixHies  has  a  n)ore  pointed  and  JsliLditly  I()i)«rer 
Mil  and  tarsus,  lioth  this  juid  the  next  speeies  are  known  to  jrunners  by 
various  names,  among  the  moat  e(»n)mon  being,  Water  Witch,  Hell  Diver,  and 
Die  Dipper. 

\m.  'A.     The  Ainorieaii   Enrctl  iin-lic,  C  ui<jrki>Uix  iiilifnrnirus,\ix\<i  Im'«>ii  talo'ii  in  llliiini-;. 


Genus  PODILYMBUS  Lesson. 


PODILYMBUS   PODICEPS    (Lixn.) 


Pied'billed  Qrebe.    Hell  Diver. 


Sp.  chtir.  Aihilt  in  sumrnrr :  A1k)V(',  <>l()?»sy 
tlark  Itrowii  or  Inow  iiisli  lilnek;  tliioal,  lilack. 
ami  a  hiai-k  liainl  on  til*'  l)ill;  front  of  iifck 
aixl  suit's  of  neck  and  hody,  tinjjril  with 
pale  hrowu;  helly,  silvery  white. 

Adult  in  trhitcr:  Similar,  l)ut  lac'kin«;  tlu^ 
Mack  throat  and  without  the  l)laek  hand  ou 
tln!  hill :  lower  helly,  tinged  with  f?niy. 

Tj>uijth :  13. .50;  wing,  5;  tarsus,  1.45; 
hill,  .rio. 

Dhtrihution :  Uritish  l*rovinees,  south- 
ward to  Hra/il.  Argentine  Kepuldie,  and  Chili, 
iueluding  West  Indies  and  Herniuda,  hreeding 
nearly  throughout  its  range  (/I.  O.  U.) ;  win- 
ters from  New  Jersey  southward. 

Xest  and  eggs:  The  nest  is  eomposed  of  a 
mass  of  floating  vegetation  or  a  mat  of  grass 
on  slightly  suhmerged  marshes.  The  eggs 
are  yellowish  white  or  dirty  white,  usually 
from  three  to  eight,  and  measun;  ahout  1.70 
X  l.-iO. 


4 


Family  GAVIID/K.     Loons. 


Uestrleted  to  five  known  species.  The  toes  are  four,  full  wehhed  in  front:  the  hind  toe, 
separate',  with  small  (lap  or  lolie;  the  tarsus  is  nattencd.  Tin-  legs  are  set  far  hack,  HMideriug 
walking  dilHcult.  Their  food  consists  principally  of  tish,  which  they  catch  with  great  d«'x- 
terity,  being  exi)ert  swimmers  and  divers. 


ia4 


THE    B'KDS   OP    EASTKRN    NORTFF    AMKHICA. 


Genus  GAVIA.     I'orster. 

QAVIA    IMBER  ((4inn). 
Loon. 

Common  Loon.     lin;  I^oon.     Xoktiikhn   Divkh. 


Adult  in  Ktnmner :  Head  and  neck 
hliiok,  sliowhi;^  j^it'cu  in  some  lifrhts  ;  a 
paU'h  of  white  strt'iikcd  with  black  on 
th«!  tlii'oatand  Hides  of  t  lie  neck ;  under- 
parts,  wlilte;  back  and  wlnj^s,  black, 
streaked  and  spotted  with  white; 
when;  the  white  spots  oi'cnr  ther(>  are 
iisnaliy  two  spots  near  the  end  ofeacli 
feather ;  siiles  of  breast,  streaked  with 
black. 

Advit  in  winter  and  imimiture: 
Head,  grayish;  i)ack,  grayish  brown 
ordiiskj' brow  n,  withont spots;  under- 
parts,  white;  tliroat,  often  tinged  witli 
gray;  primaries,  dark;  tail  feathers, 
tipped  with  gray. 

L(-n(ith:  ,'JO  to  .'{0;  wing,  12  to 
14.50;  bill,  2.r,0to:{.10;  height  of  bill 
at  nostril,  about  .SO;  tarsus,  .S  to  3.<i0. 

Distrihntion  :  Northern  portion  of 
Northern  Hemisphere,  ranging  south 
in  w  inter  to  (Julf  of  Mexico  and  Lower 
California.  Hr(!eds  from  Northern 
United  States  northward. 

AV.s^  and  et/t/s :  Nest,  a  mass  of 
grass  or  weeds  and  leaves,  close  to 
water,  more  commonly  on  islets  or 
•m  shores  of  some  i)ond  or  lake.  Two 
'  <^ggs,  grayish  brown  or  greenisli 
brown,  heavily  blotdu'd  with  dark 
brown,  and  measure  3.50  x  2.25. 


Although  less  numerous  than  formerly,  Loons  are  common  on  the  Atlantic 
coast  during  migrations,  and  the  wild,  laugh-like  note  is  a  well-known  sound 
on  shore  and  hike. 


FAMILY  «i.%viii»,»:.  — ixxys». 


185 


Tl 

•■ 

. 

f 

5^^^^ 

ii 

li. 

/ 

/ 

,    # 

^HH^^^r^^k 

f      JM 

^ 

T^ 

^     "-/     *^^l 

8P!^ 

^. 

^% 

r-^-     ' 

-  ^^^^ 

^-1 

1^ 

r. 

Slimmer. 


Looiu. 


Winter. 


INDKX. 


A. 

l'A<iE 

Actitis  inaoiilaila 108,110 

/E>;iiilitis  iiu'loda 125,  Vlli 

"        <'lrcuiii«Miict;i 1,!."),  l-2(i 

niontana IJii,  128 

nivKsa 12"),  120 

Henil|)ii1iiiat;i 124 

vocifeia 12fi,  128 

wilsonia Vir> 

/Estrclata  liasitata -is 

Alx  spoiisa ()4,  Chj 

Ajajaajaja Sf! 

Albatrossfs 12,  4r. 

Yellow  nost'il u; 

Alcatonla 3I,;{2 

AloidiH 21,21t,  .'id 

Alcina" 21,30 

Ailcalk- 211 

Allina' 22,  SO 

Allan  aim'ricana (I."),  (Wi 

boscliart <',(i 

caroliiu'iiiJiw (il 

cyaiuijitera fl4 

lUncors      ><'i 

fulvlgula cti 

oliscura .    .       <><> 

strepcra <>'>,  <><) 

Anatl<li« 14,  1.-),  5!t,  (ll.ra,  71,81 

Anatiiia* 14,  Sit,  (1:1 

AnliinKii  "iilii'ij?" •'^^ 

Anhingiihi'       Ifi,  ,");i 

AiiouH  stolidii.s 4.'t 

Aiiserallnfniiis  gaiulK'i 83 

Aiisert'H *>1 

AiiniTiiuv 15,  (iO,  81 

Aphri/idu' 17,  10.!,  1211 

Aranililu' 18,  iKI 

AranuiSKiKanteuH !«> 

Ardeaca'iuU'a 90,  ill 

(•ainliilishlnm ill 

CKiettii !«.  '-M 

lieroilias !M 

o«-<'lilt'iitaliri iM 

rufoscoiih \Ki 

tricolor  riillfollis ill 

YiroscMis IK) 

warill •    •       i»4 

wuenlemaiinl !M 


PAfiK 

A  rdeldas I  ft,  81 » 

Ardetta  exilis 8!i 

neoxena 81t 

Arenaria  intorjires 129 

Aienarina> I2i) 

Avocots 17,  102,  Kr, 

Anierican       10<; 

Auks        21.  22,  20,  ;{0,. 31,. 32 

Little 22,  2!>,  .30 

Itazor  liiilcd       31,32 

Aythyaadinis 71,72,73 

anu'iicaiia 74, "(! 

t'ollaris 7>,  73 

niaiila 72,7.3,74 

"         noarrtica 72, 74 

valli.fiit'ria 70 


Bald  pate a%  nr. 

ISMrti'.'tinia  loiigicaudn 117,  121 

Itcrnicla  canadon.si.-.  niiiiinia 81 

Bird,  Diving 131 

noiigli 122 

Grass Ill,  11.'),  118 

Man  of  war 10,  .W 

Ht'd  billed  Tropic 60 

Shore 102 

Snake IC,  .^3 

.Surf 129 

Trojiic 15,  .'K) 

Yellow  liilled  Tro|>ic .50 


Hittei 


19,  .8i» 


Anierican 
Cory's  Lea 
Least    .    . 


!I2,  9.3 

811 
89 


Blue  bill 71,72,73,74 


nine  I'etei 


100 


Booby,  Blue  faced  ' .51 

Red  footed 51 

Botaurus  lentigiiiosiiP !r2,  03 

Brant  .    .    .  " 1.5,81,82 

81,  K2 

81 


Black  .  . 
Brantii  beriiicia 

canadeiisi.-i 

leucopsis  . 

iiigrlcan.s  . 
Broad  bill  .    . 


81 
81 
81 
64 


(137) 


138 


THE   BIHDS   OF   EASTERN    NORTH    AMERICA. 


C. 

PAUE 

Calidrie  arenarla 23, 107, 109, 115 

CumptolaeniuB  labradoriun 78 

Cepphus  grylle "29 

Jiiandtii 29,31 

Chararlriidae 18,  24,  103,  12  ( 

Charadriusdoiniiiicus 128 

Bquatarola 18,  128 

Charitonetta  albeola 71,  72 

Chen  casrulesccns S3 

hyperborca 83 

nivalis 83 

Clcoiiiidae 20,88 

Clangula  liyenialie 73,  74 

Colyiubus 131 

auiituB 25,  132 

liolboelll 25,  132 

nigrlcolllHi'rtliforiiicus 133 

Coota 11,97,100 

Auierlcan 100 

Black 79 

Butturbill 79,80 

Gray 80 

Skunk-liead 7t!,  77,  79,  80 

White  winged 77,79 

Cormorants 1<>,  50, 54 

Common 54, 55 

Double  crested 54, 55 

Florida 54 

Mexican 54, 55 

Courlans 18, 95, !« 

Cranes 18,95 

Sandhill 95 

Whooping 95 

Crymophilus  fulicariuH 105 

Curlews 17.  lo2,  104,  107 

Esquimaux 122 

Hudsonian 122,  12:1 

Jack 1-22,  liJ 

Longbilled ,    .    .    .    .      123 

Sickle  bill      123 

Cygnlna> 15,00,84 


D. 

Daflla  acuta 64,65,66 

Darters 10,  5:1 

Diomedeidic    ............     12,  22,  4«; 

Diver,  Northern 134 

Dowlicher,  Long  billed 110,  IIC 

Dovekics 22,29,30 

DH<-k8 69,  01 

American  Golden  eye 09,73,74,76 

Hay 69,71 

Harrow's  (Joldeii  eye 69,74,76 

Black 66,  (:7 

Black  head 73,  74 

Blue  hill 71,72,73,74 

Bullle  headed 69,  71,  72 


OnckB—Oontinued.  page 

Canvas  back 68,76 

Creek 65 

Dipper 71 

Dusky 66 

Eider,  American 70, 77, 80 

"        Dresser's 77 

"       Greenland 79 

King 70,  79,  80 

"        Northern 70,77,80 

"       Stellei's 76 

Florida  Black 66,67 

Dusky 66 

Harlequin 69,72,73,75 

Labrador 78 

Long-tailed 73,  74 

Mallard 66,67 

Masked 70,  71 

Old  Squaw 69,  73,  74,  75 

Pled 78 

Pintail 64,  65,  66,  68 

Pond 14,59,63 

Redhead 68,  74,  76 

Ring-necked 69,  72,  73 

River 14,59,63 

Ruddy 70,  71 

Scaup,  Amerii-an 69 

"        Greater 72,73,74 

"        Lesser 69,71,72,73 

Scoter,  .Vmerican 70 

"        Surf 70,  76 

White  winged 70 

Sea 14,59,71 

Shoveller 64,68 

Steller's 69,72,73,76 

Summer 64, 65 

Whistler 74,76 

Wood 64,65,68 

Dunlin,  Anierican 112 

Dytes 132 


Egrets 

American      .... 

Reddish 

Snowy  

Eni<'onettJi  stelleri  .  .  . 
Ereunetcs  o<;cidentalis  . 

pusillus 

Erismatura  jamaicensis 

72 

19,89 

9C1,!M 

10 

91 

73,76 

108 

108 

71 

Flamingoes 

14,85 

Fratonula  an'tlca 

-29,  .31 

Kraterculina^ 

21,30 

FregatJi  a(|ulla 

68 

Fregatida' 

16,  58 

INDEX. 


139 


PAGE 

Frigate  Birds 16,  58 

Pulica  americana 100 

Fuliclnaj 11, 100 

Fuligulina; 14,  SO,  "1 

Fulmars 12,  22,  46 

Fulniarus  Klaclalin 48 


G. 

Gadwall (io,  66,  67 

(Jalliiiago  delicata 110,117 

(iallinula  galeaUi 101 

(iiiHimile 97, 101 

Florida 19,  101 

I'urple 19,  101 

Gallinuliiia' 19,  101 

GannetH 15,  50,  51 

Booby 51,  52 

Blue-liu-ed  I'.()ol)y 51 

Gavia  arcticus 27,  29 

iniber 27, 134 

IiimiDU 27,29 

Gavli(ia> 12,  27,  28,  133 

Gci-KC i:>,  .V.t,  60,  61,  81 

Gelochelidoii  nilotica 43 

Glaucionetta  dangula  americana  ....     73,  74,  76 

islaiidit-a 74,  76 

Godwit 102 

Huilsoiilan 119 

Rlarblcd 120,  123 

Goose 81 

American  White-fronti-d 82,83 

Barnacle 81 

Blue 83 

Cacklin  •: 81 

Canada 81 

Greater  Snow 83 

Lesser  Snow 83 

Snow 82 

Grebes 11,2.5,26,131 

Holboell's 25,131,132 

Horned 25,  26,  132 

Pied  billed 2.5,  2(5,  131,  133 

Greensliank 121 

Grulda- 18,  95 

Grus  americana 95 

mexicana 95 

Guaraalba 87 

rubra 87 

Guillemots 21,30 

Black 29 

Gulls 13,35,36,37 

American  Herring 38,39,40 

Black  (iulllemot 29 

Bonaparte's 36,  37 

Franklin's 36 

Glaucous .38,  39,  40 

(ireat  Black  liacked 3S,  ;19,  40 

Iceland :18,  .39, 40 

Ivory 87, ;« 


Gulls  —  Continued.  PAOE 

Kittiwake 21,  »i,  .^s 

Kumlien's 39,  40 

Laughing ,3«i,  .37, :« 

Mandt's 29,  31 

Ring-billed .3.^  40 

Sabine's 36,  .37 

H. 

Haglet 22-48 

ITa3matopodi(!a.' 24,  103,  130 

IIiLMnatopus  palliatus 130 

Hell  Diver      2,5,  133 

Elen,  Mud loo 

Herons 19, 89 

Great  White 94 

•'     Blue 94 

Green <io 

Little  Blue 90,  91 

Louisiana 91 

N'if?''t 92, !« 

Snowy 91 

Ward's 94 

Wuerdenian's 94 

Ycllow-crow:ied  Night 92,  H3 

Himantopus  mexicanus 107 

Histrionicus  liistrionicus 72,73 

Ifydrochelldon  nigra  surinaniensis 41 

I. 

Ibidlda3 20,  ,87 

Ibises 20,  87 

Glossy 87 

Scarlet 87 

White 87 

Wliite-faced  Glossy 87 

Wood 20,  ss 

lonornis  martinlca loi 

J. 

.Ticgers 13,3.3,34 

Long  tailed ;« 

Parasitic :i:j 

Pomarlne :« 

Kittiwake  Gull 21,36 

Knot lis 


Larlda; 13,  21,  ;!.5,  .36,  41 

La  rime 13,  3.5,  :16 

Larus  argentjitus  smithsonlanus    ....     38,  :i9,  40 

atricilla :m,  .^s 

delawarensis 38, 40 


140 


THE   BIRDS   OF    EASTERN   NORTH    AMERICA. 


Lani><  —  Oontinuetl.  PAGE 

frankliilii      3fi 

glaucus 38, 30, 40 

leucopteru8 38,  3!>,  40 

kunilicnl 3!),  40 

iiiiitimis 38, 39, 40 

l)hilaiii!l|)liia 30 

triilactylii 21, 3S 

Llniicola* 102,  104 

Liinosa  feiloa 120,  12:< 

lia'tnastica Hit 

Litnpkiii iXi 

Loons 12,  27,  28,  39,  133,  V.\r> 

IllfT 134 

Black  tliroatL'il 27,  28,  211 

Coininoii 134 

UlmI  tliroaUMl 27,  2!» 

IjO|)lii»iyU>scu<'ullatim (il 


M. 


Marrorliainphiis  prist-iis 

sfoloiiacciis  .... 

MallanI 


110,110 
110.  IK; 

.  (il),  07 


Man  ofwar  Ilinls Hi,  .^S 

Mcjjfah'stris  skua :V.i 

Merganser  anierirana (i3 

serrator 03 

Mergansers 14, 50,  (II 

.\nu"-ican (ii,  03,  (!7 

Hooool 01,02,07 

Red  lirea.steil 02,  Cii,  07 

Mergina' 14, 50, 01 

MIcropalaMia  hiniantopiis 100,110 

Mud  Hen 100 

Murres   • 21,20,30,31,32 

Brunnich's 31 


N. 


Nonionyx  dominlrus 
Nunienius  liorealis 

liudsonictis    .    . 

Ittiigii'iistrih   .    . 
Nyctleorax  nyetieorax  na>viu 

vioIuceuH  .    .    . 


71 

122 

122 

123 

92,  03 

i»2,  03 


o. 

Oeanltes  o4'ennlrim 40 

Oceanodroma  h'Uforlio'i 40 

Oideniia  anierirana  70,80 

deglandl 77,70,80 

|iers|i»clllatn 70,  77,  70,  80 

Oliir  liuceinator 84 

('tilunil)ianuri 84 

OysU-r  catclierH 24,  30,  103,  130 

American 130 


P. 

PAGE 

Pahidecolae 95 

I'agophUa  alba 38 

I 'a  not.  Sea 20,31 

I'elagodronia  marina 40 

I'elecanldaj 10, 5<J 

Pelicans 10,  ,'V),  5(i 

nrowii 50,  .57 

White bt; 

Telecanus  (M-ythrorhyncliog ,5(i 

fuscufi .'Wi 

Petrels 12,  22.  4(! 

Black-capped 4S,  40 

Fulmar 18, 40 

Leach's 4fl,  47 

Stormy 4(!,  47 

White- laced 40, 47 

Wilson's , 4t;,  47 

Phaethoiitida' 1.5,50 

Pliactlion  a'thereus 50 

aniericaiia 50 

Phalacrocorax  carlio 54 

<lilophns .54 

Plialaci'DCoi-aciila' 10,  51 

I'iialarina* 21,  .io 

Plialaropes 12,  102,  104 

Northern 105 

Iteii 104,  105 

Wilson's 104,  105 

l'halanii)odida» 12,  1(12,  104 

l'halar(i)ius  lol)atus 105 

tricolor 105 

Philohela  minor 110,  lis 

riHcnicopterida- 14,  85 

Phu'ni<'oi)teriis  nil>er 85 

Pigeon,  Sea 20 

Plataleida- 20,  80 

Plegadis  autiiiiinalis 87 

guarauna 87 

Plovers 21,  103,  104,  124 

Belted  i)iping 125,  120 

Blackhellieil 18,  124,  127,  128 

Golilen 128 

Killdeer 120,  127,  128 

Mounted n 120,  128 

IMpiiig 124,  125,  120,  127 

King  neck 125,  127 

Semipalniated 124,  125 

Snowy 125,  120,  127 

Upland 117,  121 

Wilson's 125,  127 

I'odic'liida' 11,25,20,131 

Piidicipides 131 

Podilyinlms  podiceps 25,  133 

Por/.ana  Carolina 08 

jamalcensis 0" 

novelioracensi-' 07 

Procellaria  pelagica 40 

Procelhirllda' 12,  22,  40 

PulUns 21,20,30,31 


INDEX. 


141 


I'uftimis  amluhont 4tS 

borcalis 48 

I'uligtnoisiis 4S 

major 4f<,  4!) 

lUilUiiUK 48 

R. 

Rails is,  <t5,  ",)7 

Black il7,  100 

Carolina lis 

C'la|)|)or i)!) 

Kill}? ii'.i,  1(10 

Sora  .    .    .    ; lis,  lOO 

Vir<^iiiia '.is,  100 

Yellow ....        i)7 

Ralliila' 1 1,  Is,  !'.',  1)7,  1(K) 

Ualhna' !)7 

Rallus  elegaiis itii,  100 

loiigiroi^tiis  ciTpitaiis !)i) 

virKiiiiamis !is 

Recurvirostriila- 17,  •.'.'{,  loj,  UK! 

Kecurviro.slra  americaiia 10{) 

Rliynclioiis  nijrra 4.") 

Uhyiu'liopiilic i;i,  4.i 

Rissa  tridactyla ;is 

s. 

Siinik'rliiig -2:!,  107 

Saniliiipev 17, '.':'.,  Id-.',  104,  Ul7 

r.aiiil's 11.-, 

Bartraiiiiaii 117,  IJl 

Biiff-biuas^ted II."),  lis 

Curlew      .    .    ' ll;i 

Least 107,  lo!) 

I'eetoral 114,  I  ir.,  lis 

I'liijile  .    .    ,. 114 

Uetl-ii!iekeil 112 

Sanilerling Id!),  11,") 

Seiiiliiaiiiiateil los 

Solitary 10!) 

spotted  Ids,  110 

Stilt Id!),  iii; 

Westt'rn IdS 

Wliiti'  iimiped 114 

Seolopaeida' 17,  •.','!,  Id.',  107 

Seolopa.\  riif^licola 12(i 

.Scoter,  American 70,  7!),  SO 

Surf 70,  77,  7!),  SO 

White  wiiijte<l 70,  77 

Sea  I'ljfeon 21) 

Parrot 29 

Shearwater IJ,  2'.>,  46 

Audubon'H 4S,  4!t 

Cory's 4S,  4il 

Greater 48 

Manx 48 

Sooty 48 


I'A(iE 

Sheldrake m 

Skiniiner.s 13,4.5 

niack 45 

Skiia.s l.i,  33,34 

Snake  Birds ic,  T),'! 

Snipes 17,  102,  104,  107 

•Jack      .    .         lid,  117 

Red-brea.stL(l 110,  IKi 

Western  Red-llrea^ted IIG 

Wil.son's 110,  111,  117 

Souiateiia  horcalis 77,79,80 

drcsserl .         77, 80 

spectabilis  7!),  80 

Sora !)S,  100 

Spatula  clype  t,i (il 

Spi)onl)ill8 20,  S() 

Roseate 8(! 

.Steganopodes ,'')() 

Stercorariida; l.li, ;«,  34 

Stercorai'ius  loiigicaiidus 33 

(larasiticuB ,33 

p((marinu8 33 

Sterna  .'Dia'thetu  ■ 43 

a)itillarum 41 

caspla 43 

dougalli 41 

I'orsteri      ...  41 

lulijfinosa 43 

iiirundo    ...  41 

maxima 43 

paradisca 43 

sa)idricensis  ai'ullavida 43 

Sterninai .      13,  .T),  41 

Stilts  ...         17,  23,  lOJ,  100 

Black-necked 107 

Storks 20, 88 

Sula  iNe^sada ...        fil 

cyanoiis t>\ 

piscalor ."jl 

sula       .'"il 

Sulida^ l."i,  ."d 

Swans I.I,  ."'.I,  dO,  (d,  s4 

'I'lannpcler s4 

Whisllin- sj 

Swi)nmers,  I,;uiU'llii(.-tral       .  i'A 

Svmphemi.i  .^eniipabiiMta 110,  l'2l 

iiioDiata 119 


T. 


Tantalus  leucolatoi 
Teal,  Blue  winged 

Common   .     . 

(ireen  winged 
Terns      .... 

Arctic    .    .    . 

Black    .    .    . 

Bridled      .     . 

(-'iibot's      .    . 


13, 


.     .         88 

0.3,  CH 

M ,  (\S 

.       (i4,  <>H 

3.'),  3ti,  41 

.     .        43 

,    .       41 

43,  44 

.    .        48 


142 


THE    mUDS    OF   EASTEUN    NOUTH    AMEU'CA. 


Terns—  ConlinueJ. 

CaHpiun     .    .         

Cuniinun  ...         41 

Korsler's  ... 

Gull-billcd .    • 

Leust 

Noddy  ...     

lioijuato     .         

Royal   

Sooty 

Wilsoii'H 

Thaliissogeroii  culniinatuB 

Totimiis  flavipes 

mcla  Hole  lie  U8 

nebularius 

Bolitarius 

Trlnga  alpiiia  paclflcft    .        

bairdii . 


PAGE 

43,44 

,42,43 

41,42 

42,  43 

41,42 

43,44 

41,  42 

43,44 

43,44 

41,43 

40 

UG 

.      121 

.      121 

,      109 

.      112 

115 


canulus 118 

ferruginea 113 

fuscicollis 114 

inaculata 114,115,118 

uiaritinia 114 

ininutilla 107, 109 

Tropic  Birds 15,  50 

Ucdbilied 50 

Yellow-billed 50 

Tryngites  Riibruflcollis  .    .  115, 118 

Turkey,  Water 53 

Turnstones 17, 103, 129 


u. 

I'AUE 

Urlalomvia 31 

trollc 31,32 

Urinator  Imbur 29 


Wat«r  Witch 132 

Widgeon,  A incrican G5,  (i(i,  G7 

European 07 

Whistler 74,76 

Willet 102,119,121 

Western Ipj 

Woodcock 102,110,111,118 

European 120 

Wood  Ibis 20,  88 


X. 


Xeina  sabinil 


38 


Y. 

Vellow-leg,  Greater 121 

Summer lu; 

Winter 121 


